WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.340 Welcome to Adelaide, the capital city of Australia. 2 00:00:09.180 --> 00:00:14.460 And to the Festival of Ideas, which of course was born in this extraordinary town, 3 00:00:15.220 --> 00:00:18.920 which on matters cultural and intellectual always punches well above its weight. 4 00:00:20.140 --> 00:00:24.840 Tonight, shortly, I'll introduce you to this panel of people sitting here, 5 00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:28.200 looking like the Nuremberg judges or perhaps like the Last Supper. 6 00:00:28.200 --> 00:00:33.180 I won't do so yet. I shall do so later when we begin that part of the evening, 7 00:00:33.940 --> 00:00:39.040 when we're going to be discussing more or less how the world will end with a bang or a whimper 8 00:00:39.040 --> 00:00:46.060 in the great smorgasbord of anxieties and dramas and dangers and perils that we're confronting. 9 00:00:46.760 --> 00:00:52.980 What is the worst? And I suppose it's going to be, if you like, an auction of apocalypses. 10 00:00:53.620 --> 00:00:54.740 But that is later. 11 00:00:55.100 --> 00:00:56.920 First of all, ladies and gentlemen, 12 00:00:57.060 --> 00:00:58.180 we are... 13 00:00:58.200 --> 00:01:01.940 I would like to remind us all that we're on Kaurna land and we should never forget it. 14 00:01:02.360 --> 00:01:07.380 And I would like to introduce you to the man for whom this event... 15 00:01:07.380 --> 00:01:12.460 Well, it's an honour of him and he deserves every honour that we can heap upon him. 16 00:01:12.800 --> 00:01:15.380 As Tim Flannery was saying to me a few minutes ago, 17 00:01:16.120 --> 00:01:19.360 how many people have saved a hundred million lives? 18 00:01:20.720 --> 00:01:22.800 He's the sort of Christian who are... 19 00:01:22.800 --> 00:01:24.460 One of those rare Christians, I'm afraid, 20 00:01:25.200 --> 00:01:27.060 who I think Jesus Christ might approve of. 21 00:01:29.700 --> 00:01:34.280 And I think he's worth the Australian equivalent of the saying to it, 22 00:01:34.340 --> 00:01:37.300 which, as you know, is 10 out of 10 and a koala stamp. 23 00:01:38.800 --> 00:01:43.660 His name is Basil Hetzel and he's had an extraordinary life, 24 00:01:43.720 --> 00:01:47.240 as you'll read in the bio notes in the program. 25 00:01:47.560 --> 00:01:49.340 But let me tell you some of it. 26 00:01:49.580 --> 00:01:53.720 In fact, I have to because there's also a radio audience who aren't sitting with us here tonight. 27 00:01:54.400 --> 00:01:56.720 He was born in London in 1922, 28 00:01:56.720 --> 00:02:01.600 educated at Adelaide Schools, the University of Adelaide Medical School. 29 00:02:01.880 --> 00:02:05.460 And then he began a lifelong commitment to be a liberal socialist, 30 00:02:07.420 --> 00:02:09.480 combining this with Christianity. 31 00:02:11.020 --> 00:02:14.700 And, of course, it sits comfortably, he insists, with his scientific life. 32 00:02:15.700 --> 00:02:20.200 In fact, he argues that Christianity has given him a greater depth of understanding 33 00:02:20.200 --> 00:02:23.640 and has, in fact, enhanced his approach to his science. 34 00:02:23.860 --> 00:02:26.700 He resisted an early inclination to train as a psychiatrist, 35 00:02:26.720 --> 00:02:30.040 and pursued that career as a medical scientist. 36 00:02:30.320 --> 00:02:33.400 And he had three years as a Fulbright Fellow in New York. 37 00:02:34.520 --> 00:02:38.220 His early research interests were the physical effects of psychological stress 38 00:02:38.220 --> 00:02:41.140 and also thyroid hormones. 39 00:02:42.100 --> 00:02:44.120 Science and Christianity would intersect 40 00:02:44.120 --> 00:02:49.020 and confirmed his personal belief that medical diagnosis and treatment 41 00:02:49.020 --> 00:02:51.940 must address not only the physical person, 42 00:02:52.000 --> 00:02:56.700 but also the less tangible emotional and spiritual self. 43 00:02:57.560 --> 00:03:00.500 His career has been marked by innovation and collaboration. 44 00:03:01.080 --> 00:03:05.120 And I would suggest that you do ruffle through this immense CV 45 00:03:05.120 --> 00:03:09.020 to see the immense amount of work he has done, 46 00:03:09.880 --> 00:03:12.920 influencing and improving the lives of two billion people, 47 00:03:13.100 --> 00:03:17.940 at the risk of iodine deficiency, for example, in over 130 countries. 48 00:03:18.500 --> 00:03:22.640 He's been from the White House to the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, 49 00:03:22.720 --> 00:03:24.720 from remote highland villages and PNG, 50 00:03:25.860 --> 00:03:26.700 to the United States. 51 00:03:26.700 --> 00:03:29.860 He's been to Kathmandu, always with the same message, 52 00:03:30.700 --> 00:03:35.300 that for the minimal cost of iodizing salt for human and animal consumption, 53 00:03:35.740 --> 00:03:38.680 great health and economic benefits will flow. 54 00:03:39.840 --> 00:03:43.460 He's a great advocate for public health. 55 00:03:43.900 --> 00:03:46.200 And as you'll see, he's an unassuming man 56 00:03:46.200 --> 00:03:49.780 who has a dogged persistence and determination to do 57 00:03:49.780 --> 00:03:52.460 and convince others of what must be done 58 00:03:52.460 --> 00:03:55.040 to make the world a better place. 59 00:03:55.040 --> 00:03:59.220 Ladies and gentlemen, the Honorable Dr. Basil Hetzel, AC. 60 00:04:18.180 --> 00:04:22.380 Thank you, Philip, for that very generous introduction. 61 00:04:22.380 --> 00:04:28.880 It is indeed a great honor for me to open this fourth Festival of Ideas. 62 00:04:30.020 --> 00:04:32.440 What a great event it has become. 63 00:04:33.880 --> 00:04:36.620 Well established in Australia and beyond, 64 00:04:36.960 --> 00:04:41.360 and shows to the world Adelaide's life of the mind. 65 00:04:42.680 --> 00:04:47.220 We have an excellent program ahead of us over the next three days, 66 00:04:47.360 --> 00:04:52.360 and I applaud this emphasis on practicality, 67 00:04:52.360 --> 00:04:54.660 and on the practical issues, what is to be done. 68 00:04:55.900 --> 00:04:58.500 What ideas do we have to help us, 69 00:04:58.620 --> 00:05:02.260 and how can we put these ideas into action? 70 00:05:04.620 --> 00:05:07.460 My lifelong concern has been with health, 71 00:05:07.560 --> 00:05:11.120 particularly for the last 40 years in public health. 72 00:05:12.140 --> 00:05:14.240 The health of groups and communities, 73 00:05:14.380 --> 00:05:16.080 both in Australia and overseas, 74 00:05:16.260 --> 00:05:18.360 in our neighbor nations to the north, 75 00:05:19.080 --> 00:05:21.360 particularly at Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, 76 00:05:21.360 --> 00:05:22.720 and China. 77 00:05:26.340 --> 00:05:28.920 I want to take up some current problems 78 00:05:28.920 --> 00:05:32.580 which pose public health challenges that require action. 79 00:05:33.640 --> 00:05:36.520 Let me, however, digress for a moment 80 00:05:36.520 --> 00:05:41.720 on this issue of being a Christian intellectual. 81 00:05:42.700 --> 00:05:45.180 It has been a feature of my life. 82 00:05:45.580 --> 00:05:48.760 I've had good friends and professors, 83 00:05:49.520 --> 00:05:51.160 notably in New York, 84 00:05:52.060 --> 00:05:53.280 Paul Tillich, 85 00:05:53.420 --> 00:05:55.960 who stimulated my mind 86 00:05:55.960 --> 00:06:00.620 to the position that indeed 87 00:06:00.620 --> 00:06:03.600 our current situations raise questions. 88 00:06:03.880 --> 00:06:05.940 There's always a question there 89 00:06:05.940 --> 00:06:11.940 which can possibly be met by a Christian solution. 90 00:06:14.200 --> 00:06:17.640 This was what led me to move into the field of public health 91 00:06:17.640 --> 00:06:19.700 following my experience in Papua New Guinea 92 00:06:19.700 --> 00:06:21.760 from 1964, 93 00:06:21.860 --> 00:06:25.160 when I first became involved with the problem of iodine deficiency 94 00:06:25.840 --> 00:06:27.640 as a cause of brain damage 95 00:06:27.640 --> 00:06:29.700 and then the subsequent development 96 00:06:29.700 --> 00:06:32.740 of a global public health program of prevention. 97 00:06:34.500 --> 00:06:38.900 I see scientific discovery as part of the revelation of God. 98 00:06:40.080 --> 00:06:43.240 The remarkable results of scientific discovery, 99 00:06:43.500 --> 00:06:45.080 which we witness every day, 100 00:06:46.700 --> 00:06:49.320 reassure us that we can understand the world, 101 00:06:49.320 --> 00:06:51.560 and the universe in which we live. 102 00:06:52.500 --> 00:06:55.740 As our Australian cosmologist, Paul Davies, 103 00:06:56.320 --> 00:06:58.260 also advisor to this festival, 104 00:06:59.320 --> 00:06:59.420 says, 105 00:07:00.320 --> 00:07:02.460 we are truly meant to be here. 106 00:07:04.320 --> 00:07:06.540 It is, of course, a remarkable thing 107 00:07:06.540 --> 00:07:09.860 that this washing machine has just hit a comet. 108 00:07:10.180 --> 00:07:13.520 A very remarkable mathematical achievement, 109 00:07:14.500 --> 00:07:16.820 which indicates, indeed, 110 00:07:16.820 --> 00:07:21.140 there is something in the universe where we share. 111 00:07:21.340 --> 00:07:25.520 Our mind is somehow or other able to grapple 112 00:07:25.520 --> 00:07:27.040 with the nature of the universe. 113 00:07:28.560 --> 00:07:31.240 I want to take up some current problems 114 00:07:31.240 --> 00:07:34.460 which pose public health challenges that require action. 115 00:07:35.400 --> 00:07:39.620 And the first one is economic rationalism and the bottom line. 116 00:07:41.100 --> 00:07:44.200 Now, as many of you know, economic rationalism refers 117 00:07:44.200 --> 00:07:45.740 to the reduction of humanity 118 00:07:45.740 --> 00:07:47.580 to economic man. 119 00:07:48.800 --> 00:07:51.740 Also known as neoconservatism in North America 120 00:07:52.380 --> 00:07:53.960 and neoliberalism in Europe. 121 00:07:54.600 --> 00:07:57.240 It is a philosophy which supports a morality 122 00:07:57.240 --> 00:07:59.300 based on belief in market forces 123 00:07:59.300 --> 00:08:02.160 and the pursuit of short-term profit. 124 00:08:02.940 --> 00:08:06.360 The question of profit for whom is not asked. 125 00:08:06.920 --> 00:08:10.140 The one concern is with money rather than people. 126 00:08:10.820 --> 00:08:14.000 And there's certainly no concern about the consequences 127 00:08:14.000 --> 00:08:15.720 of commercial action. 128 00:08:15.720 --> 00:08:23.880 The bottom line refers to the bottom line 129 00:08:23.880 --> 00:08:26.140 on the balance sheet drawn up to demonstrate 130 00:08:26.140 --> 00:08:29.060 the state of profit or loss of the company. 131 00:08:29.260 --> 00:08:30.220 And it is, of course, 132 00:08:30.220 --> 00:08:32.640 the only reference point for economic rationalism. 133 00:08:33.680 --> 00:08:36.820 There are two recent Australian examples of companies 134 00:08:36.820 --> 00:08:40.140 where pursuit of the bottom line to the exclusion of all else 135 00:08:40.140 --> 00:08:42.480 has led to major human disasters. 136 00:08:43.540 --> 00:08:45.700 I refer to the BHP October 2020 137 00:08:45.700 --> 00:08:45.820 which was a big one. 138 00:08:45.820 --> 00:08:47.080 The first was the Octeti mine in New Guinea 139 00:08:47.080 --> 00:08:50.840 and James Hardy, producer of asbestos products 140 00:08:50.840 --> 00:08:52.120 for the construction industry. 141 00:08:53.240 --> 00:08:56.420 The Octeti mine has destroyed a large area 142 00:08:56.420 --> 00:08:58.400 of the western province of Papua New Guinea, 143 00:08:59.660 --> 00:09:02.360 grossly contaminated and not habitable. 144 00:09:02.840 --> 00:09:05.480 A significant proportion of the local community 145 00:09:05.480 --> 00:09:07.180 has been deprived of their livelihood. 146 00:09:07.900 --> 00:09:10.800 There's been no serious attempt to protect the environment 147 00:09:10.800 --> 00:09:13.240 because of the exclusive preoccupation 148 00:09:13.240 --> 00:09:14.720 with the bottom line. 149 00:09:15.960 --> 00:09:17.740 In the case of James Hardy, 150 00:09:17.880 --> 00:09:20.820 large numbers of workers at the asbestos mining site 151 00:09:20.820 --> 00:09:24.600 in Western Australia have contracted the fatal diseases 152 00:09:24.600 --> 00:09:28.000 of asbestosis or mesothelioma. 153 00:09:29.220 --> 00:09:33.120 These effects of asbestos have been known for over 50 years, 154 00:09:33.320 --> 00:09:35.920 but James Hardy made no adequate arrangements 155 00:09:35.920 --> 00:09:37.700 for compensation for these workers 156 00:09:37.700 --> 00:09:40.580 until recently forced by public opinion 157 00:09:40.580 --> 00:09:43.140 in the trade unions, state and federal government. 158 00:09:44.640 --> 00:09:46.840 The behaviour of both these companies 159 00:09:46.840 --> 00:09:49.660 indicates a total disregard for human values 160 00:09:49.660 --> 00:09:52.200 related to the health of the exposed workers 161 00:09:52.200 --> 00:09:54.980 and also the environmental impact. 162 00:09:56.080 --> 00:09:58.100 In the light of such experiences, 163 00:09:58.280 --> 00:09:59.840 which are regrettably worldwide, 164 00:10:00.400 --> 00:10:02.260 especially in developing countries, 165 00:10:02.600 --> 00:10:04.880 a new concept has been put forward 166 00:10:04.880 --> 00:10:07.200 by the British environmentalist John Elkington, 167 00:10:07.260 --> 00:10:08.660 the triple bottom line. 168 00:10:09.500 --> 00:10:13.100 This refers to both the social and environmental 169 00:10:13.240 --> 00:10:15.220 responsibility in addition to profit 170 00:10:16.060 --> 00:10:18.640 to make a triple bottom line. 171 00:10:19.320 --> 00:10:21.920 Now I believe that the triple bottom line 172 00:10:21.920 --> 00:10:23.800 should now be universally recognised 173 00:10:23.800 --> 00:10:25.600 by commercial undertakings, 174 00:10:26.240 --> 00:10:29.660 should involve management staff and shareholders. 175 00:10:31.760 --> 00:10:34.700 Let me now turn to inequalities in health. 176 00:10:36.240 --> 00:10:38.400 I begin with the Aboriginal community. 177 00:10:40.420 --> 00:10:43.120 As is well known, there is a 20 year difference 178 00:10:43.240 --> 00:10:45.380 in the life expectancy in the Aboriginal community 179 00:10:45.380 --> 00:10:48.920 for both sexes compared to the non-Aboriginal population 180 00:10:48.920 --> 00:10:49.700 in Australia. 181 00:10:51.060 --> 00:10:53.800 My experience is that there is a great potential 182 00:10:53.800 --> 00:10:55.460 for leadership among the dedicated 183 00:10:55.460 --> 00:10:57.320 black and white health professionals, 184 00:10:57.580 --> 00:11:01.020 including nurses, doctors, educators and others 185 00:11:01.020 --> 00:11:03.920 involved in health care for the Aboriginal community, 186 00:11:04.380 --> 00:11:07.880 already working in this field throughout Australia. 187 00:11:08.700 --> 00:11:11.080 However, they have only limited opportunities 188 00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:13.220 in the small scattered communities of Australia, 189 00:11:13.220 --> 00:11:13.920 which is the area that they serve. 190 00:11:14.860 --> 00:11:18.540 They should come together in a national professional organisation 191 00:11:19.240 --> 00:11:22.020 which could take on a national leadership role 192 00:11:22.020 --> 00:11:23.940 which is so much needed. 193 00:11:29.240 --> 00:11:32.420 Another urgent problem is that of childhood obesity. 194 00:11:33.400 --> 00:11:36.160 Great concern because it's a precursor 195 00:11:36.160 --> 00:11:38.740 of heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus 196 00:11:38.740 --> 00:11:41.400 in later life, as I think many of you will be aware. 197 00:11:42.400 --> 00:11:44.860 There's been a rapid increase in childhood obesity 198 00:11:45.400 --> 00:11:48.640 since 1990 in association with increased hours 199 00:11:48.640 --> 00:11:49.800 of television exposure. 200 00:11:51.400 --> 00:11:54.140 For children, up to two to five hours a day 201 00:11:54.140 --> 00:11:56.700 exacerbated by advertisements for fast foods 202 00:11:56.700 --> 00:11:59.320 of high carbohydrate and fat content. 203 00:11:59.700 --> 00:12:03.000 There's also been a coincident decrease 204 00:12:03.000 --> 00:12:04.240 in physical activity. 205 00:12:06.640 --> 00:12:10.620 Our research work indicated that children were motivated 206 00:12:10.620 --> 00:12:13.700 to improve their physical activity by keeping a record 207 00:12:13.700 --> 00:12:14.720 of their running times. 208 00:12:15.440 --> 00:12:17.820 They became more interested in their lifestyle 209 00:12:17.820 --> 00:12:19.240 to improve their performance. 210 00:12:20.080 --> 00:12:22.160 Now that the computer is available, 211 00:12:22.280 --> 00:12:25.100 children can use it to keep their own records. 212 00:12:25.920 --> 00:12:28.280 It has been found that the computer becomes 213 00:12:28.280 --> 00:12:31.340 a significant other, interacting with the students 214 00:12:31.340 --> 00:12:34.060 to motivate them with improved self-esteem 215 00:12:34.060 --> 00:12:35.720 and social skills. 216 00:12:36.620 --> 00:12:39.000 This program known as the Human Race 217 00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:40.600 has been running in the last three years 218 00:12:40.620 --> 00:12:44.340 and over 50 primary schools in South Australia, 219 00:12:44.600 --> 00:12:48.620 some schools interstate, and has aroused interest overseas 220 00:12:49.220 --> 00:12:51.500 in the UK and Canada. 221 00:12:52.160 --> 00:12:58.200 It is now, I'm glad to say, going to be introduced 222 00:12:58.200 --> 00:13:01.680 to all schools in the disadvantaged social inclusion program 223 00:13:01.680 --> 00:13:05.000 of the present Labor government with Commonwealth support. 224 00:13:06.900 --> 00:13:10.600 And I really believe that this program should introduce 225 00:13:10.600 --> 00:13:13.060 to all schools in the state. 226 00:13:15.160 --> 00:13:17.180 Finally, a word on global poverty. 227 00:13:18.340 --> 00:13:21.900 In an address in Trafalgar Square in March 2005, 228 00:13:22.520 --> 00:13:23.800 Nelson Mandela said, 229 00:13:24.880 --> 00:13:27.140 like slavery and apartheid, 230 00:13:27.220 --> 00:13:28.720 poverty is not natural. 231 00:13:29.480 --> 00:13:32.340 It is man-made, and it can be overcome 232 00:13:32.340 --> 00:13:35.020 and eradicated by the actions of human beings. 233 00:13:35.940 --> 00:13:39.260 And overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. 234 00:13:39.920 --> 00:13:40.580 It is a gesture of self-sacrifice. 235 00:13:40.580 --> 00:13:41.660 It is an act of justice. 236 00:13:42.280 --> 00:13:45.320 It is the protection of a fundamental human right, 237 00:13:45.480 --> 00:13:48.820 the right to dignity, and a decent life. 238 00:13:49.600 --> 00:13:53.680 While poverty persists, there is no true freedom. 239 00:13:56.160 --> 00:13:59.760 As many of us are aware, global poverty is now receiving 240 00:13:59.760 --> 00:14:02.000 more attention in the United Nations system. 241 00:14:02.920 --> 00:14:06.360 And a recent report by the economist Jeffrey Sachs, 242 00:14:06.480 --> 00:14:09.140 advisor to the Secretary-General of the UN, 243 00:14:09.140 --> 00:14:11.700 lays out plans for achieving this 244 00:14:11.700 --> 00:14:14.800 in a book recently published and available here. 245 00:14:17.120 --> 00:14:19.820 Emphasis is on setting deadlines for specific, 246 00:14:19.980 --> 00:14:23.060 often simple projects that have been proven to work. 247 00:14:23.880 --> 00:14:26.920 One of these projects is the elimination of brain damage 248 00:14:26.920 --> 00:14:28.080 due to iodine deficiency, 249 00:14:29.140 --> 00:14:31.140 which has been recognised by the World Bank 250 00:14:31.140 --> 00:14:33.460 as a significant factor in world poverty. 251 00:14:34.540 --> 00:14:37.640 For the past 20 years, with international colleagues, 252 00:14:37.800 --> 00:14:38.920 I have been fully engaged 253 00:14:39.140 --> 00:14:41.940 in the development of a global program within the UN system 254 00:14:41.940 --> 00:14:45.560 for the elimination of brain damage due to iodine deficiency. 255 00:14:46.280 --> 00:14:48.880 We have established an international NGO 256 00:14:48.880 --> 00:14:51.300 based here in Adelaide for 16 years, 257 00:14:51.440 --> 00:14:55.160 which now comprises 700 multidisciplinary professionals 258 00:14:55.160 --> 00:14:56.940 from more than 100 countries. 259 00:14:57.860 --> 00:15:00.140 This NGO provides scientific expertise 260 00:15:00.720 --> 00:15:02.820 for an informal global partnership, 261 00:15:03.000 --> 00:15:06.900 which includes the people and governments of 130 countries, 262 00:15:07.060 --> 00:15:09.120 with a total at-risk population of 263 00:15:09.120 --> 00:15:11.300 in excess of 2 billion. 264 00:15:12.360 --> 00:15:17.120 This partnership also includes WHO, UNICEF and AusAID, 265 00:15:17.940 --> 00:15:20.220 has been supporting this venture from the beginning, 266 00:15:20.340 --> 00:15:23.480 and I am indeed very grateful to all of you 267 00:15:23.480 --> 00:15:27.260 as Australian taxpayers for the support of AusAID, 268 00:15:27.300 --> 00:15:28.320 which made this possible. 269 00:15:29.580 --> 00:15:31.580 Significant progress has been made 270 00:15:31.580 --> 00:15:34.800 with iodine salt coverage of two-thirds of households worldwide 271 00:15:34.800 --> 00:15:36.080 by the year 2000. 272 00:15:37.440 --> 00:15:39.100 This is an example of the work 273 00:15:39.120 --> 00:15:40.660 of success in bridging the gap 274 00:15:40.660 --> 00:15:42.660 between our knowledge and its application. 275 00:15:43.660 --> 00:15:48.360 I believe this model of an independent expert NGO 276 00:15:48.360 --> 00:15:51.760 working with people and governments through the UN 277 00:15:51.760 --> 00:15:55.780 with the agencies is relevant to other global health, 278 00:15:56.020 --> 00:15:58.680 social and environmental problems. 279 00:15:59.720 --> 00:16:03.040 The efficient application of science and technology 280 00:16:03.040 --> 00:16:06.480 has assumed new urgency in today's world. 281 00:16:07.560 --> 00:16:08.880 I hope this 282 00:16:09.120 --> 00:16:10.500 Adelaide Festival of Ideas 283 00:16:10.500 --> 00:16:13.140 will be a significant contribution to bridging this gap. 284 00:16:13.960 --> 00:16:17.420 I express on your behalf my thanks to the organisers 285 00:16:18.120 --> 00:16:20.660 and best wishes for a successful festival. 286 00:16:21.140 --> 00:16:22.580 Thank you very much. 287 00:16:46.760 --> 00:16:48.740 As a non-believer, 288 00:16:48.740 --> 00:16:51.040 it's been rather difficult for me in recent years 289 00:16:51.040 --> 00:16:53.480 because I've discovered that the only left-wingers left 290 00:16:53.480 --> 00:16:57.600 are Josephine nuns, Jesuits and our distinguished guest. 291 00:16:59.380 --> 00:17:00.860 Thank you very much. 292 00:17:00.900 --> 00:17:01.540 That was terrific. 293 00:17:10.080 --> 00:17:10.500 Thank you.