WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:05.280 Welcome to this very special session of the Festival of Ideas, 2 00:00:05.280 --> 00:00:08.720 and I'd like to thank Kim Ben-Athen for the use of his lounge room. 3 00:00:13.500 --> 00:00:19.160 The Brits have been having a series of millennial lectures. 4 00:00:21.040 --> 00:00:26.460 It started with Gore Vidal and it ended in a big way with Camille Paglia. 5 00:00:27.880 --> 00:00:33.600 And it fell to Beatrix Campbell to chair the Paglia session. 6 00:00:33.840 --> 00:00:35.860 Now, I've had a few chats with Camille over the years, 7 00:00:35.980 --> 00:00:39.680 and even on a good day she's a handful, but on this particular occasion, 8 00:00:40.780 --> 00:00:43.620 I think it's fair to say, Bea, she wasn't at her best. 9 00:00:44.100 --> 00:00:48.460 She had the audience laughing at her jokes, clapping at all her little nuances, 10 00:00:49.160 --> 00:00:53.140 but when it came to question time, she got incredibly grumpy. 11 00:00:54.120 --> 00:00:55.560 And if anyone asked the question, 12 00:00:55.660 --> 00:00:56.440 she'd immediately respond, 13 00:00:56.460 --> 00:01:01.660 insult them, the British, the venue, just about everything. 14 00:01:01.780 --> 00:01:03.580 And here was Bea coping. 15 00:01:04.280 --> 00:01:08.340 Now, I have to tell you that in live performance of any sort, 16 00:01:08.500 --> 00:01:11.260 you're always in dread of what's going to go wrong, 17 00:01:11.440 --> 00:01:16.580 guests that don't show, or two people that you imagine will be scorpions in a bottle 18 00:01:16.580 --> 00:01:20.380 who suddenly declare undying love as soon as you get them into a discussion. 19 00:01:21.220 --> 00:01:25.400 But I'd never had anyone who behaved quite as badly as Camille, 20 00:01:25.420 --> 00:01:26.440 because I think it was the... 21 00:01:26.460 --> 00:01:30.000 I think it was the third question she decided to flounce out of the hall, 22 00:01:30.940 --> 00:01:32.280 never to be seen again. 23 00:01:33.360 --> 00:01:36.420 But was Beatrix Campbell phased? 24 00:01:36.480 --> 00:01:38.020 Almost certainly, but it didn't show. 25 00:01:40.120 --> 00:01:46.300 She conducted the dying phases of this event with astonishing equilibrium, 26 00:01:46.500 --> 00:01:51.920 but I've come to expect that from Bea, because it is my great joy every Monday night 27 00:01:52.540 --> 00:01:55.520 on a little wireless program we do, and in fact, which we are doing, 28 00:01:55.520 --> 00:02:00.620 even as I speak for subsequent rebroadcasts, it's my joy to discuss, 29 00:02:00.860 --> 00:02:04.820 or to listen to Bea telling us what's really going on in Britain. 30 00:02:05.540 --> 00:02:08.480 She has a very close, intimate relationship with the Prime Minister. 31 00:02:10.620 --> 00:02:16.540 She's got a pet name for him, Beau Blair, which hasn't really been picked up, has it, widely? 32 00:02:16.760 --> 00:02:17.340 I don't know why. 33 00:02:17.860 --> 00:02:24.280 And I've got a pet name for Bea, which is Bea Dessire, because I see her as the most formidable woman 34 00:02:24.280 --> 00:02:25.500 in Britain since the... 35 00:02:25.500 --> 00:02:28.820 the lady that went around with the swords on her hubcaps. 36 00:02:31.400 --> 00:02:32.440 Bea is... 37 00:02:33.740 --> 00:02:40.340 writes for The Guardian, The Times, and recently was the author of Diana, Princess of Wales, 38 00:02:40.660 --> 00:02:43.240 How Sexual Politics Shook the Monarchy. 39 00:02:43.620 --> 00:02:47.900 I think it's the only topic on which Bea and I have parted company quite emphatically, 40 00:02:48.860 --> 00:02:50.060 with our views of Diana significant. 41 00:02:50.600 --> 00:02:53.520 But no one can argue a bad case better than Bea. 42 00:02:53.620 --> 00:02:54.400 I've got to tell you that. 43 00:02:56.720 --> 00:03:02.600 She has a special interest in child abuse, and some of the best discussions we've had 44 00:03:02.600 --> 00:03:10.260 have been on matters arising from what she sees as one of the most prevalent and appalling 45 00:03:10.260 --> 00:03:11.140 of modern phenomena. 46 00:03:11.940 --> 00:03:15.840 She is by any measure a remarkable woman. 47 00:03:16.760 --> 00:03:23.160 She's a fine writer, and she has a certainty of analysis which takes my breath away, because 48 00:03:23.160 --> 00:03:25.260 as I get older I get fuzzier and vague. 49 00:03:25.260 --> 00:03:28.680 And things seem more and more complicated, and I can't work them out. 50 00:03:29.220 --> 00:03:30.880 Bea can work everything out. 51 00:03:31.880 --> 00:03:32.960 And it's... 52 00:03:32.960 --> 00:03:39.820 We're going to hear her work out on the subject this morning, the changing nature of community. 53 00:03:39.960 --> 00:03:43.960 Ladies and gentlemen, a remarkable woman, Beatrix Campbell. 54 00:03:56.960 --> 00:03:57.700 Hello. 55 00:03:58.700 --> 00:04:01.420 And thank you for those few kind words. 56 00:04:02.260 --> 00:04:12.220 I want to talk to you about community as a term which has emerged in the 1990s in the 57 00:04:12.220 --> 00:04:20.840 context of an apocalyptic preoccupation with the collapse of civilization as we know it. 58 00:04:22.180 --> 00:04:24.680 Community, or rather poor communities. 59 00:04:25.260 --> 00:04:32.360 Community has emerged as the particular locale where we witness the degeneration and disintegration 60 00:04:32.360 --> 00:04:33.460 of modern life. 61 00:04:35.320 --> 00:04:37.740 One of the things that's very important... 62 00:04:37.740 --> 00:04:40.100 You're looking at me as if you believed me! 63 00:04:48.180 --> 00:04:50.600 Because it's not happening, really. 64 00:04:50.800 --> 00:04:51.820 It's all right! 65 00:04:52.220 --> 00:04:52.840 . 66 00:04:54.480 --> 00:04:54.540 . 67 00:04:54.860 --> 00:05:01.360 thing that seems very interesting about the potency of the notion of community is the 68 00:05:01.360 --> 00:05:09.080 way in which it's emerged to displace class as a central defining category of social 69 00:05:09.080 --> 00:05:16.340 organization, particularly, I suppose, in the new discourses of the new Democrats and 70 00:05:16.340 --> 00:05:21.980 new labor in the United States and in Britain, where community has emerged, as I say, to 71 00:05:21.980 --> 00:05:31.660 displace class as something which evokes conflict and solidarity. So instead of scabby old vested 72 00:05:31.660 --> 00:05:37.180 interests and conflicts of interest, what we have is a sense that community, like family, 73 00:05:37.360 --> 00:05:44.840 is immaculately conceived, part of a holy trinity that describes family, community, 74 00:05:45.080 --> 00:05:51.020 and nation seamlessly. However, at the same time as there's this attempt 75 00:05:51.020 --> 00:05:51.960 to constitute a society that is based on social and social values, it's also based on social 76 00:05:54.800 --> 00:06:03.220 values. So we have at the same time a sense that all of this natural order is shadowed by the 77 00:06:03.220 --> 00:06:12.640 specter of collapsing communities, where respectable society is menaced from the edges by 78 00:06:12.640 --> 00:06:19.040 communities which are kind of leaking across the borders into respectable society. And we 79 00:06:19.040 --> 00:06:21.940 witness this degeneration happening. And I think it's a very important point. I think it's a 80 00:06:23.780 --> 00:06:26.180 great point indeed, it is foundational for the foundational treatments for the foundational 81 00:06:26.180 --> 00:06:31.960 treatments for the foundational treatments for the 82 00:06:33.440 --> 00:06:33.940 ! 83 00:06:33.940 --> 00:06:34.500 treatments for the foundational treatments for the foundational treatments for the 84 00:06:34.500 --> 00:06:34.800 foundational treatments for the 85 00:06:34.800 --> 00:06:34.840 foundational treatments for the 86 00:06:34.840 --> 00:06:35.380 foundational treatments for the 87 00:06:35.380 --> 00:06:36.120 foundational treatments for the 88 00:06:36.120 --> 00:06:36.720 foundational treatments for the 89 00:06:36.720 --> 00:06:37.160 foundational treatments for the 90 00:06:37.160 --> 00:06:37.520 foundational treatments for the 91 00:06:37.520 --> 00:06:37.940 foundational treatments for the 92 00:06:37.940 --> 00:06:38.220 foundational treatments for the 93 00:06:38.220 --> 00:06:38.360 foundational treatments for the 94 00:06:38.360 --> 00:06:38.740 foundational treatments for the 95 00:06:38.740 --> 00:06:39.140 foundational treatments for the 96 00:06:39.140 --> 00:06:39.880 foundational treatments for the 97 00:06:39.880 --> 00:06:40.800 foundational treatments for the 98 00:06:40.800 --> 00:06:44.180 foundational treatments for the 99 00:06:44.180 --> 00:06:45.220 foundational treatments for the 100 00:06:45.220 --> 00:06:47.440 foundational treatments for the 101 00:06:47.440 --> 00:06:47.980 foundational treatments for the 102 00:06:47.980 --> 00:06:52.180 which have become, you know, swamps, 103 00:06:54.480 --> 00:06:58.200 stalked by feral, horrible children 104 00:06:58.200 --> 00:07:03.240 who don't have fathers. 105 00:07:05.380 --> 00:07:09.160 So the crisis of community has become a site where 106 00:07:09.160 --> 00:07:14.060 there's an odd convergence of anxieties 107 00:07:14.060 --> 00:07:16.840 about gender and generation. 108 00:07:17.600 --> 00:07:20.680 So what I'm going to suggest is that the debate about community 109 00:07:20.680 --> 00:07:23.540 is also, or perhaps more appropriately, 110 00:07:23.680 --> 00:07:27.180 really a debate about gender as well as generation. 111 00:07:28.680 --> 00:07:30.360 And of course, in that sense, 112 00:07:30.500 --> 00:07:34.200 women are to blame for the collapse of civilisation as we know it 113 00:07:34.200 --> 00:07:35.620 because what they're doing, 114 00:07:35.740 --> 00:07:38.260 and I'll demonstrate this when I talk to you about 115 00:07:38.260 --> 00:07:42.940 a particularly significant and resonant British writer 116 00:07:42.940 --> 00:07:44.780 who you won't have heard of, I don't suppose, 117 00:07:45.540 --> 00:07:46.720 called Norman Dennis. 118 00:07:46.840 --> 00:07:48.480 Has anybody heard of Norman Dennis? 119 00:07:49.100 --> 00:07:49.780 Great. 120 00:07:51.480 --> 00:07:54.260 Because he doesn't deserve to have been heard of. 121 00:07:56.560 --> 00:07:58.920 However, he's very significant to us. 122 00:08:00.100 --> 00:08:02.600 And one of the things that he's proposed to explain 123 00:08:02.600 --> 00:08:07.620 the degeneration of civilisation and community 124 00:08:07.620 --> 00:08:12.140 is that communities have been purged of fathers 125 00:08:13.860 --> 00:08:15.940 by feckless mothers. 126 00:08:17.160 --> 00:08:23.020 Who've been contaminated by Marxism, if only. 127 00:08:24.200 --> 00:08:25.560 I say to myself. 128 00:08:27.100 --> 00:08:30.320 And feminism, if only, also. 129 00:08:32.360 --> 00:08:37.100 Now what's odd about these restless, anxious debates 130 00:08:37.100 --> 00:08:39.620 about community is that they demonstrate 131 00:08:39.620 --> 00:08:43.640 a remarkable convergence of neoliberals, 132 00:08:43.640 --> 00:08:46.420 communitarians and ethical socialists 133 00:08:46.420 --> 00:08:46.820 who are not only in the community, but also in the society. 134 00:08:46.840 --> 00:08:48.700 Who, although they may vary in the weight 135 00:08:48.700 --> 00:08:52.160 that they attach to the thing which shadows this development 136 00:08:52.740 --> 00:08:55.200 global economic restructuring, 137 00:08:55.320 --> 00:08:59.220 which has withdrawn the means of making a legal living 138 00:08:59.220 --> 00:09:03.480 for millions of once respectable working class men, 139 00:09:03.740 --> 00:09:06.260 what they're fatally attracted to 140 00:09:06.260 --> 00:09:09.920 and the thing that they share is an anxiety about gender. 141 00:09:10.680 --> 00:09:15.080 All these Marxist, feminist, single mothers 142 00:09:16.040 --> 00:09:16.820 purging the 143 00:09:16.820 --> 00:09:24.360 respectable society of the appropriate person to police respectability, the father. And 144 00:09:24.360 --> 00:09:34.840 this is the reason why civilization as we know it has collapsed. Get it? So that's what 145 00:09:34.840 --> 00:09:44.660 I want to talk about. What's also interesting is that the notion of community or the anxiety 146 00:09:44.660 --> 00:09:53.220 about community is fixated particularly on impoverished communities. I don't know whether 147 00:09:53.220 --> 00:09:58.840 this happens here, but in Britain, the word community is generally prefixed by another 148 00:09:58.840 --> 00:10:07.860 word, which is local. Local communities. They're full of local people who are people who don't 149 00:10:07.860 --> 00:10:13.060 go very far and get lost. 150 00:10:18.120 --> 00:10:26.020 And live in places where nobody else goes. And it's these poor places which are fixed, 151 00:10:26.160 --> 00:10:32.780 inert, static little swamps. These are places which, as I say, are leaking their contaminating, 152 00:10:32.780 --> 00:10:39.820 radioactive morals to the rest of us. Now, to be serious, what the argument really is 153 00:10:39.820 --> 00:10:44.640 concerned with is the collapse of the economy which has sustained the economy. And I'm 154 00:10:44.660 --> 00:10:50.920 treatments 155 00:11:14.200 --> 00:11:14.640 ! 156 00:11:14.640 --> 00:11:22.700 thinking about masculinity, crime and community and all of these terms converge in the discourses 157 00:11:22.700 --> 00:11:27.360 which have been founding discourses, I think, in the United States and in Britain. Now my 158 00:11:27.360 --> 00:11:32.020 argument would be rather different, which is that it's true that within these local 159 00:11:32.020 --> 00:11:38.100 communities there is a problem of masculinity, there is a problem of dangerousness, there 160 00:11:38.100 --> 00:11:44.380 is a problem of insecurity. However, it isn't because masculinity is in the midst of an 161 00:11:44.380 --> 00:11:50.340 identity crisis through its loss of privilege over women and children. It's actually because 162 00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:58.120 pauperised men do what, in the context of crime, men do. And that crime has become a 163 00:11:58.120 --> 00:12:05.940 context in which masculinity is constructed in the same old way as it always was, as dominance 164 00:12:07.140 --> 00:12:12.560 and as difference. Because of course the thing which happens to men in pauperised communities 165 00:12:13.160 --> 00:12:14.360 is that the polarisation can 166 00:12:14.360 --> 00:12:20.920 between the genders which was produced by the way in which the economic landscape was 167 00:12:21.800 --> 00:12:27.220 organised in the history of modernity. I can't remember what the beginning of that sentence 168 00:12:27.220 --> 00:12:37.380 was. What was the beginning of that sentence? Tell me. Start another sentence. If it's true 169 00:12:37.380 --> 00:12:44.560 that the history of modernity has been characterised by the polarisation of genders in space, that's 170 00:12:44.560 --> 00:12:54.180 a good one, isn't it? Polarisation of genders in space. Shall I start another sentence? 171 00:13:00.100 --> 00:13:07.360 What I'm trying to describe seriously is a situation in which 150 or 200 years of strenuous 172 00:13:07.360 --> 00:13:15.220 effort, primarily by working class men, to guarantee their spatial separation from the 173 00:13:15.220 --> 00:13:21.060 world of women and children has, in the context of global economic restructuring in the 80s 174 00:13:21.060 --> 00:13:28.080 and 90s, produced a situation where poor men find themselves marooned in the same place, 175 00:13:28.800 --> 00:13:35.100 same space and time as women. That, of course, creates a crisis in terms of the construction 176 00:13:35.100 --> 00:13:36.700 of their identity. 177 00:13:37.360 --> 00:13:38.740 The idea of working class men is to create a society where men are treated as a gender 178 00:13:38.740 --> 00:13:46.120 which is shaped, as it were, in the community of other men. Men who leave home and community 179 00:13:46.120 --> 00:13:52.200 together at seven o'clock in the morning and march down the cobblestone streets to great 180 00:13:52.200 --> 00:13:58.040 warehouses where they do something called work with other men. And their identity as 181 00:13:58.040 --> 00:14:03.540 a class of men historically has been shaped in their congregation with other men as a 182 00:14:03.540 --> 00:14:07.100 class in places of work. And, of course, then what happens at five o'clock is they 183 00:14:07.100 --> 00:14:13.660 traipse home over the cobbled streets, visit their homes and families, are fed and watered, 184 00:14:13.680 --> 00:14:22.580 and then go out to play with other men in public houses. So what we've got is a cultural 185 00:14:22.580 --> 00:14:28.900 history of respectability that is defined by the spatial separation of men and women. 186 00:14:29.540 --> 00:14:33.280 In a sense that a real man is made with other men. 187 00:14:34.960 --> 00:14:41.620 Crime now offers a context in which that spatial separation can be renewed and guaranteed. 188 00:14:42.060 --> 00:14:47.300 And in the space of community, communities that are pauperised, communities that are 189 00:14:47.300 --> 00:14:54.960 unstewarded, unprotected, unpoliced, unmanaged actually, for those men who connect with crime 190 00:14:54.960 --> 00:15:01.520 as a way of making their masculinity, the space of community becomes the site in which 191 00:15:01.520 --> 00:15:03.520 their domination over the rest of society is. 192 00:15:03.540 --> 00:15:08.800 The rest of the community is asserted. So in other words, crime isn't so much the expression 193 00:15:08.800 --> 00:15:15.140 of disordered, dysfunctional masculinity. Crime's a rational context and culture that 194 00:15:15.140 --> 00:15:21.660 gives to young men the kind of faculties and resources that they would have expected to 195 00:15:21.660 --> 00:15:26.380 gain historically from the structures of work and masculine assembly, which have always 196 00:15:26.380 --> 00:15:33.520 been exclusive, sexually separatist, hierarchical, and founded on the principle that the 197 00:15:33.520 --> 00:15:33.820 male and female are equal. 198 00:15:33.820 --> 00:15:36.020 And that's why we have to be careful of masculinity as difference and dominance. 199 00:15:36.340 --> 00:15:37.180 Are you with me so far? 200 00:15:37.460 --> 00:15:38.100 Yup. 201 00:15:41.320 --> 00:15:42.960 We got to the end of the sentence. 202 00:15:45.020 --> 00:15:49.680 Of course, one of the tragedies for working class pauperised communities is that the withdrawal 203 00:15:49.680 --> 00:15:56.020 of public and private capital from the space of community means that they're left without 204 00:15:56.020 --> 00:16:03.400 the services and stewardship that protect the community from the effects of this monumental 205 00:16:03.520 --> 00:16:05.700 struggle for spatial control. 206 00:16:07.120 --> 00:16:14.240 I don't know whether the patterns of community organisation and culture are the same here as they are 207 00:16:14.240 --> 00:16:19.320 for us, but for instance, one of the things which has become a kind of popular legend in Britain 208 00:16:19.320 --> 00:16:28.020 is a sense that once busy, industrious, ordered communities have become places which are staffed by 209 00:16:28.020 --> 00:16:33.120 young men hanging around in bush shelters, menacing 210 00:16:33.520 --> 00:16:40.220 respectable people, stealing cars, taking over the streets that they share with the rest of the community. 211 00:16:40.620 --> 00:16:41.180 Right? 212 00:16:41.320 --> 00:16:47.380 And so there's a sense that the kind of spatial dominance which in turn is connected with crime 213 00:16:47.380 --> 00:16:53.540 that's very familiar to all of us is a kind of metaphor for this disintegration of respectable society 214 00:16:53.540 --> 00:16:55.380 that I was talking about at the beginning. 215 00:16:55.620 --> 00:17:02.800 And crime is crucial in this debate because crime is what sponsors masculine association and masculine dominance 216 00:17:02.800 --> 00:17:03.500 to the society. 217 00:17:03.520 --> 00:17:10.180 No less than say the army or the Athenium or the House of Commons historically has given men 218 00:17:10.180 --> 00:17:14.900 a space in which to assert both their masculinity and their dominance. 219 00:17:15.440 --> 00:17:21.720 Now one of the things that's interesting about the emergence of a conversation about community 220 00:17:21.720 --> 00:17:27.220 which is always associated with a conversation about crime is as I said at the beginning 221 00:17:27.220 --> 00:17:32.420 the convergence of a number of different discourses which in any other circumstances wouldn't expect 222 00:17:32.420 --> 00:17:37.760 to be involved in if you like the same shared discursive space. 223 00:17:39.040 --> 00:17:45.360 Norman Dennis, the guy I mentioned a moment ago, is emblematic of this convergence. 224 00:17:46.680 --> 00:17:53.280 Norman Dennis wrote a book which is a kind of classic text in English sociology. 225 00:17:53.760 --> 00:17:55.860 It's a book called Coal is Our Life. 226 00:17:56.120 --> 00:18:01.420 And it was a book that was written in the 1950s in the golden era of respectable farming. 227 00:18:01.420 --> 00:18:05.200 And it's about a well fathered prosperous working class community. 228 00:18:06.340 --> 00:18:13.580 This is a text which purports to describe the architecture if you like of the archetypical working class community. 229 00:18:14.060 --> 00:18:19.560 And here we have with Norman Dennis and I'll explain in a second why he's so very important. 230 00:18:19.960 --> 00:18:24.500 In this text a description of that polarized landscape that I mentioned earlier. 231 00:18:24.780 --> 00:18:29.540 In the section on the family, crucial to the space of community obviously. 232 00:18:29.540 --> 00:18:39.240 He describes a situation in which men are essentially visitors to the local space that they share with women and children. 233 00:18:39.480 --> 00:18:44.400 In that text he makes a little joke. It's a coarse joke but a resonant one. 234 00:18:44.500 --> 00:18:53.400 Which suggests that actually men are visitors to their families and homes only on a Wednesday night when they come home to do the pools. 235 00:18:53.920 --> 00:18:57.660 Do you know what pools are? Yes. Do you do the pools? 236 00:18:58.440 --> 00:18:58.920 No. 237 00:19:02.020 --> 00:19:03.700 To do the pools on a Wednesday night. 238 00:19:04.920 --> 00:19:16.160 What's interesting about this text is that the spatial polarization described in this as I say classic text in the 1950s disappears in the 1990s. 239 00:19:16.360 --> 00:19:24.160 Norman Dennis has become a crucial exponent of this notion of the collapse of civilization as we know it in the 1990s. 240 00:19:24.180 --> 00:19:29.100 But what makes him interesting is that he's been a very important socialist. 241 00:19:29.100 --> 00:19:29.520 Yes. 242 00:19:29.520 --> 00:19:40.260 Sociologist whose texts have been widely respected, widely read and would be emblematic of the tradition that he represents called ethical socialism. 243 00:19:40.660 --> 00:19:53.420 And in the 1990s Norman Dennis is published not by the Fabian Society, not by respectable socialist upward striving, improving, reforming publishers. 244 00:19:53.760 --> 00:19:56.880 He's now published by the Institute of Economic Affairs. 245 00:19:56.880 --> 00:20:00.600 Which used to be a mad right wing think tank. 246 00:20:00.840 --> 00:20:03.180 It's now just a right wing think tank. 247 00:20:04.960 --> 00:20:07.040 The world having tilted on its axis. 248 00:20:07.720 --> 00:20:22.620 This is very important because his shift to the right, his, the kind of anxieties that have animated his drift to the right are precisely those which are at the center of this debate about community, crime and gender. 249 00:20:22.860 --> 00:20:26.860 He's one of the people who in Britain has been very active in promoting the right wing. 250 00:20:26.860 --> 00:20:35.100 The thesis which you're probably familiar with, expounded by Charles Murray, the right wing sociologist in the United States. 251 00:20:35.240 --> 00:20:38.120 Are you familiar with the work of Charles Murray here? 252 00:20:38.260 --> 00:20:48.920 Charles Murray, you'll remember, wrote a book called The Bell Curve which purported to prove that black people are genetically inferior to white people. 253 00:20:49.260 --> 00:20:49.820 Right. 254 00:20:49.920 --> 00:20:56.840 He became very attractive to the right in Britain in the late 1980s and the 1990s. 255 00:20:56.840 --> 00:21:04.700 In the context of a particular anxiety about what was happening to the landscape of working class community. 256 00:21:05.620 --> 00:21:19.160 And one of the things which, of course, Charles Murray has argued is that the collapse of civilization as we know it in working, hitherto working class respectable communities has been produced by the purge of the father. 257 00:21:19.340 --> 00:21:22.740 As I say, by all of these Marxist and feminist single mothers. 258 00:21:23.660 --> 00:21:26.820 With the result that these places are absolutely 259 00:21:26.840 --> 00:21:29.700 unpoliced and unprotected by men. 260 00:21:31.120 --> 00:21:43.320 So what's being harvested is this generation, and what he calls a generational catastrophe of disordered children, particularly disordered and dangerous boys. 261 00:21:44.360 --> 00:21:56.820 Now one of the things which is interesting about the arguments of people like Charles Murray, Norman Dennis, who as I say used to, or has been associated with a description of what it means to be a black woman. 262 00:21:56.820 --> 00:22:02.960 He said that the black woman was the crucible of working class domestic life which assumed the spatial separation of men and women. 263 00:22:03.140 --> 00:22:07.920 Which assumed that work was the crucible that constructed young men. 264 00:22:09.960 --> 00:22:18.300 And indeed that one of the crucial things in the making of masculinity was men's separation from the world of women. 265 00:22:19.040 --> 00:22:22.480 Something that you have a sense in the work of people like Norman Dennis. 266 00:22:22.620 --> 00:22:25.540 That if men are left, 267 00:22:26.820 --> 00:22:29.860 amongst women, they will somehow be unmanned. 268 00:22:30.480 --> 00:22:36.120 That their masculinity cannot be framed without the community of other men. 269 00:22:36.500 --> 00:22:38.220 That they'll be somehow wobbly. 270 00:22:42.120 --> 00:22:43.760 Mad, bad and dangerous. 271 00:22:44.820 --> 00:22:49.300 If they're left to the world of mothers and other women and children. 272 00:22:49.700 --> 00:22:54.960 So, there's a very pessimistic stripe to this representation of masculinity. 273 00:22:54.960 --> 00:22:57.020 In the space of community. 274 00:22:57.280 --> 00:23:02.460 And it's a pessimistic stripe which is shared across popular discourses. 275 00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:12.560 The latest addition to this would be the work of Francis Fukuyama, whose work on trust has running through it again this theme. 276 00:23:12.940 --> 00:23:18.160 That the great disruption as he calls it, which is the title of his latest book. 277 00:23:18.300 --> 00:23:24.940 That the great disruption has been caused not just by the withdrawal of capital from working class men. 278 00:23:24.940 --> 00:23:25.340 But by the withdrawal of capital from working class neighborhoods. 279 00:23:25.720 --> 00:23:29.280 And the lack of access to a legal living wage. 280 00:23:29.520 --> 00:23:32.300 Amongst millions of working class men, particularly. 281 00:23:33.160 --> 00:23:35.600 But also by a sexual revolution. 282 00:23:35.840 --> 00:23:39.580 Which in the view of Fukuyama, Charles Murray, Norman Dennis. 283 00:23:39.840 --> 00:23:46.600 Has led to men being, as it were, released from their respectable responsibilities. 284 00:23:47.940 --> 00:23:49.120 Basically the argument goes like this. 285 00:23:49.240 --> 00:23:54.140 That men can have sex with women at any time. 286 00:23:55.360 --> 00:24:02.480 Freed of the consequences and discipline that go with sex, children, marriage, monogamy. 287 00:24:02.660 --> 00:24:09.300 And that if men are enabled to operate in society uncurled, as it were. 288 00:24:09.440 --> 00:24:14.120 By the constraints of respectability, marriage and monogamy. 289 00:24:14.340 --> 00:24:19.060 Then what happens is that you have not only these feral children, but feral men as well. 290 00:24:19.300 --> 00:24:21.880 It really doesn't matter whether the argument makes sense. 291 00:24:21.980 --> 00:24:22.700 Because it doesn't. 292 00:24:22.700 --> 00:24:29.820 What's crucial to it is a sense that masculinity is always in some sense dangerous. 293 00:24:31.080 --> 00:24:36.680 And that masculinity can only be connected to community. 294 00:24:36.800 --> 00:24:38.920 Can only be disciplined within community. 295 00:24:39.040 --> 00:24:44.160 If it's given a privileged place as the breadwinner within the space of community. 296 00:24:44.440 --> 00:24:47.640 In other words, it's a very pessimistic, fatalistic representation. 297 00:24:47.900 --> 00:24:52.500 Of masculinity as somehow conceived in original sin. 298 00:24:52.500 --> 00:24:54.480 Somehow biologically dangerous. 299 00:24:55.500 --> 00:24:59.220 Indeed, Francis Fukuyama argues in his latest book. 300 00:24:59.340 --> 00:25:04.600 That young men's connection to crime is indeed genetic. 301 00:25:06.100 --> 00:25:12.060 The funny thing about this is that this is a more contemptuous representation of masculinity. 302 00:25:12.320 --> 00:25:16.940 Than you'd ever hear issuing from the mouths of feminists. 303 00:25:17.120 --> 00:25:22.480 Because of course, feminism has a huge investment in it. 304 00:25:22.480 --> 00:25:24.160 In the reformability of masculinity. 305 00:25:29.440 --> 00:25:30.900 Well we do, obviously. 306 00:25:31.080 --> 00:25:34.880 And of course, a huge interest in the humanity of masculinity. 307 00:25:35.280 --> 00:25:41.940 And what it is about the preoccupation with a form of masculinity that's always grounded in difference and dominance. 308 00:25:42.060 --> 00:25:43.960 That produces dangerousness. 309 00:25:44.560 --> 00:25:50.460 So what unites all of these commentators who are so vexed and anxious. 310 00:25:50.460 --> 00:25:52.400 About the collapse of civilization. 311 00:25:52.660 --> 00:25:54.340 The collapse of community. 312 00:25:54.720 --> 00:25:59.560 Is the collapse of the privileged place of the masculine breadwinner. 313 00:26:00.380 --> 00:26:02.980 And a sense that without its privilege. 314 00:26:03.340 --> 00:26:06.220 And without the constraints of respectability. 315 00:26:06.880 --> 00:26:09.700 Promiscuity and marauding masculinity. 316 00:26:09.960 --> 00:26:13.580 Will menace the landscape of respectability. 317 00:26:15.100 --> 00:26:18.380 This enters contemporary political discourses. 318 00:26:18.380 --> 00:26:20.140 In the way that certainly in Britain. 319 00:26:21.460 --> 00:26:23.000 Crime and community. 320 00:26:23.200 --> 00:26:24.460 And gender. 321 00:26:25.380 --> 00:26:29.220 Merge in anxious debates about, particularly about law and order. 322 00:26:29.340 --> 00:26:30.280 Let me give you an example. 323 00:26:30.700 --> 00:26:32.520 Jack Straw, our home secretary. 324 00:26:33.440 --> 00:26:37.920 Who has been recently described by one of our political commentators. 325 00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:41.120 As easily as right wing. 326 00:26:41.280 --> 00:26:42.900 As our previous home secretary. 327 00:26:43.100 --> 00:26:47.160 The late and unlamented and unloved Michael Howard. 328 00:26:47.960 --> 00:26:52.380 There was an assumption that Jack Straw was a liberal reforming home secretary. 329 00:26:52.620 --> 00:26:53.640 And he's confessed. 330 00:26:53.720 --> 00:26:56.300 He's outed himself in the last couple of weeks. 331 00:26:56.360 --> 00:26:57.620 And declared that no, no, no. 332 00:26:57.680 --> 00:26:58.800 He's not a liberal at all. 333 00:26:58.920 --> 00:27:00.860 Anyway, one of the things that's interesting about Straw. 334 00:27:01.100 --> 00:27:05.220 Is that he has taken command of community strategies. 335 00:27:06.620 --> 00:27:08.660 That connect with law and order. 336 00:27:08.780 --> 00:27:14.860 And he's taken command of the government's approach to strategies to intervene. 337 00:27:15.160 --> 00:27:16.380 In family life. 338 00:27:16.940 --> 00:27:17.460 Parenting. 339 00:27:17.620 --> 00:27:18.140 Marriage. 340 00:27:18.560 --> 00:27:20.060 The number 43 bus. 341 00:27:20.380 --> 00:27:21.840 And the rest. 342 00:27:23.000 --> 00:27:23.800 And all the rest. 343 00:27:23.880 --> 00:27:26.920 And one of the things that emerged from Jack Straw. 344 00:27:27.080 --> 00:27:32.860 Was the proposal that in order to re-discipline and rehabilitate pauperized communities. 345 00:27:33.200 --> 00:27:36.040 What we need to do is to reinstate marriage. 346 00:27:38.600 --> 00:27:39.120 Why? 347 00:27:40.060 --> 00:27:42.640 Because what we have to do is to control men. 348 00:27:44.040 --> 00:27:46.360 What we have to do is reinstate men's rights. 349 00:27:46.360 --> 00:27:48.360 And to control men in their relatively privileged place. 350 00:27:48.360 --> 00:27:51.180 As married men in the space of community. 351 00:27:53.120 --> 00:27:54.980 Actually it was so arresting. 352 00:27:55.020 --> 00:27:56.120 This strategy. 353 00:27:58.260 --> 00:27:59.900 Get married mate. 354 00:28:02.100 --> 00:28:05.580 As a way of dealing with the crisis of pauperization. 355 00:28:05.860 --> 00:28:08.260 In large parts of our landscape. 356 00:28:08.580 --> 00:28:11.960 That I rang up the home office. 357 00:28:12.120 --> 00:28:12.880 And indeed. 358 00:28:12.880 --> 00:28:15.000 Number 10. 359 00:28:18.380 --> 00:28:19.760 Actually I've missed a bit out there. 360 00:28:19.940 --> 00:28:21.760 Not only get married mate. 361 00:28:23.780 --> 00:28:25.580 But this connects with another debate. 362 00:28:25.740 --> 00:28:26.220 That's about. 363 00:28:26.400 --> 00:28:28.200 Which is crucial to the debate about crime. 364 00:28:28.740 --> 00:28:30.360 Which is you've got to get married. 365 00:28:30.500 --> 00:28:34.200 First of all to restore men's place within respectable society. 366 00:28:34.560 --> 00:28:36.640 But also they've got to get married. 367 00:28:36.740 --> 00:28:37.900 Because if they don't get married. 368 00:28:38.080 --> 00:28:41.780 All these women will be having children without fathers. 369 00:28:41.780 --> 00:28:43.140 Immaculately conceived. 370 00:28:44.180 --> 00:28:46.080 And the children will be criminals. 371 00:28:47.480 --> 00:28:49.320 It enters common sense. 372 00:28:49.360 --> 00:28:54.100 This notion that crime is caused by the morals of mothers. 373 00:28:55.760 --> 00:28:56.720 And this. 374 00:28:56.820 --> 00:28:57.820 I kid you not. 375 00:28:58.540 --> 00:29:02.040 This was implicit and explicit. 376 00:29:02.280 --> 00:29:06.020 In the strategies offered by Jack Straw. 377 00:29:06.220 --> 00:29:09.000 To respond to the problem of juvenile crime. 378 00:29:09.000 --> 00:29:11.440 And the unspoken problem. 379 00:29:11.540 --> 00:29:13.860 The unspeakable bit of the problem of crime. 380 00:29:14.060 --> 00:29:18.180 Which is that you can't think about crime without thinking about gender. 381 00:29:18.380 --> 00:29:20.660 You can't think about crime without thinking about masculinity. 382 00:29:21.680 --> 00:29:25.560 88% of the people who appear in the courts in Britain. 383 00:29:25.660 --> 00:29:26.580 Are young men. 384 00:29:26.860 --> 00:29:27.820 There was an assumption. 385 00:29:28.120 --> 00:29:29.260 In the olden days. 386 00:29:29.340 --> 00:29:30.580 That they would grow out of it. 387 00:29:31.240 --> 00:29:34.420 That assumption has now been sundered by the evidence. 388 00:29:34.480 --> 00:29:36.200 That once involved in crime. 389 00:29:36.300 --> 00:29:38.780 Which is one of the fastest growing industries in Britain. 390 00:29:38.780 --> 00:29:42.400 Then young men tend to stay connected with crime. 391 00:29:42.540 --> 00:29:45.480 For all the reasons which I've addressed earlier. 392 00:29:45.820 --> 00:29:46.060 Anyway. 393 00:29:46.120 --> 00:29:47.580 So the connection you'll see. 394 00:29:47.680 --> 00:29:48.840 Is between marriage. 395 00:29:49.720 --> 00:29:50.280 Monogamy. 396 00:29:50.940 --> 00:29:51.500 Respectability. 397 00:29:52.440 --> 00:29:53.000 Community. 398 00:29:54.140 --> 00:29:57.140 This is the strategy for dealing with disordered communities. 399 00:29:57.420 --> 00:29:58.240 Get married, mate. 400 00:29:58.400 --> 00:29:59.340 And of course. 401 00:29:59.720 --> 00:30:00.960 Through their marriages. 402 00:30:01.540 --> 00:30:04.140 The rehabilitation of men as parents. 403 00:30:05.720 --> 00:30:07.320 By which we don't mean. 404 00:30:07.420 --> 00:30:08.500 The old tradition. 405 00:30:08.780 --> 00:30:10.460 Of the father as provider. 406 00:30:10.800 --> 00:30:12.300 We mean a new tradition. 407 00:30:12.440 --> 00:30:13.900 A newly invented concept. 408 00:30:14.020 --> 00:30:15.680 Of the father as parent. 409 00:30:21.160 --> 00:30:21.640 Anyway. 410 00:30:21.780 --> 00:30:23.040 This brings me to the bit which. 411 00:30:23.380 --> 00:30:24.440 I was going to tell you about. 412 00:30:24.520 --> 00:30:25.560 When I rang up the home office. 413 00:30:25.780 --> 00:30:27.420 To find out. 414 00:30:27.520 --> 00:30:31.040 Because we have this remarkable coalition of married men. 415 00:30:31.480 --> 00:30:32.440 In our government. 416 00:30:32.660 --> 00:30:34.640 Who pronounce lots. 417 00:30:35.040 --> 00:30:36.000 About community. 418 00:30:36.500 --> 00:30:36.980 Gender. 419 00:30:36.980 --> 00:30:37.420 Children. 420 00:30:38.640 --> 00:30:39.260 Parenting. 421 00:30:39.260 --> 00:30:39.660 Women. 422 00:30:40.280 --> 00:30:40.900 Morals. 423 00:30:41.100 --> 00:30:42.800 Who are part of the campaign. 424 00:30:42.880 --> 00:30:44.680 For a kind of moral rearmament. 425 00:30:44.740 --> 00:30:45.360 Movement. 426 00:30:45.380 --> 00:30:46.120 In Britain. 427 00:30:46.240 --> 00:30:47.300 So I rang up the home office. 428 00:30:47.860 --> 00:30:48.740 To ask. 429 00:30:49.180 --> 00:30:50.680 What that week. 430 00:30:51.380 --> 00:30:52.900 Was Jack Straw's. 431 00:30:52.940 --> 00:30:54.020 Working week. 432 00:30:54.120 --> 00:30:54.640 Like. 433 00:30:56.500 --> 00:30:57.740 In other words. 434 00:30:58.260 --> 00:30:59.600 How much time. 435 00:30:59.700 --> 00:31:01.220 Was this married man. 436 00:31:01.700 --> 00:31:02.320 Spending. 437 00:31:02.320 --> 00:31:03.060 At home. 438 00:31:03.200 --> 00:31:04.480 With his children. 439 00:31:06.340 --> 00:31:06.960 And I think. 440 00:31:06.960 --> 00:31:07.600 That was a very. 441 00:31:07.700 --> 00:31:08.300 A proper. 442 00:31:09.160 --> 00:31:10.220 Crime preventing. 443 00:31:10.500 --> 00:31:11.060 Parent. 444 00:31:14.840 --> 00:31:15.440 And. 445 00:31:16.560 --> 00:31:17.520 I rang up. 446 00:31:17.540 --> 00:31:18.260 Downing Street. 447 00:31:18.740 --> 00:31:19.240 To ask. 448 00:31:19.600 --> 00:31:20.880 The same question. 449 00:31:24.540 --> 00:31:25.580 The shortest. 450 00:31:25.600 --> 00:31:26.460 Working day. 451 00:31:26.800 --> 00:31:27.900 That Jack Straw. 452 00:31:28.100 --> 00:31:28.440 Had. 453 00:31:28.580 --> 00:31:29.120 That week. 454 00:31:29.320 --> 00:31:30.660 Was 13 and a half. 455 00:31:30.840 --> 00:31:31.240 Hours. 456 00:31:33.900 --> 00:31:34.840 What they said. 457 00:31:34.860 --> 00:31:35.540 At Downing Street. 458 00:31:35.580 --> 00:31:36.040 Was. 459 00:31:36.320 --> 00:31:36.920 A. 460 00:31:36.920 --> 00:31:37.100 Time. 461 00:31:37.140 --> 00:31:37.620 Well. 462 00:31:37.860 --> 00:31:38.780 The Prime Minister. 463 00:31:39.180 --> 00:31:39.660 Eats. 464 00:31:39.720 --> 00:31:40.220 And sleeps. 465 00:31:40.520 --> 00:31:40.960 The job. 466 00:31:43.520 --> 00:31:44.200 That means. 467 00:31:44.240 --> 00:31:44.960 He never goes home. 468 00:31:45.120 --> 00:31:45.340 Well. 469 00:31:45.380 --> 00:31:45.600 Actually. 470 00:31:45.600 --> 00:31:45.960 He lives. 471 00:31:46.080 --> 00:31:46.640 And works. 472 00:31:46.640 --> 00:31:46.980 Of course. 473 00:31:46.980 --> 00:31:47.420 At home. 474 00:31:48.180 --> 00:31:48.960 What's interesting. 475 00:31:49.060 --> 00:31:49.740 Is that these men. 476 00:31:49.800 --> 00:31:50.500 Have selected. 477 00:31:51.320 --> 00:31:52.460 Like police officers. 478 00:31:52.820 --> 00:31:53.720 Like soldiers. 479 00:31:54.100 --> 00:31:54.900 And like criminals. 480 00:31:56.940 --> 00:31:58.340 A form of work. 481 00:31:58.500 --> 00:31:58.800 Which. 482 00:31:58.840 --> 00:31:59.180 Of course. 483 00:31:59.520 --> 00:32:00.000 Guarantees. 484 00:32:00.620 --> 00:32:01.580 The performance. 485 00:32:01.960 --> 00:32:03.100 Of triumphant. 486 00:32:03.400 --> 00:32:03.880 Masculinity. 487 00:32:04.120 --> 00:32:05.000 But it also. 488 00:32:05.880 --> 00:32:06.360 Guarantees. 489 00:32:06.360 --> 00:32:06.600 That. 490 00:32:07.260 --> 00:32:08.620 That they will never spend. 491 00:32:08.660 --> 00:32:09.220 Any time. 492 00:32:09.220 --> 00:32:09.560 At home. 493 00:32:09.700 --> 00:32:10.060 Being. 494 00:32:10.440 --> 00:32:10.880 Parents. 495 00:32:16.200 --> 00:32:17.260 I'm kind of speechless. 496 00:32:19.040 --> 00:32:20.080 Thinking about these men. 497 00:32:20.240 --> 00:32:20.440 Who. 498 00:32:20.500 --> 00:32:21.380 For some reason. 499 00:32:21.460 --> 00:32:22.460 In the 1990s. 500 00:32:22.480 --> 00:32:23.440 Have been propelled. 501 00:32:23.480 --> 00:32:24.020 Into a debate. 502 00:32:24.400 --> 00:32:25.200 About something. 503 00:32:25.320 --> 00:32:26.040 They don't do. 504 00:32:26.520 --> 00:32:27.300 Called parenting. 505 00:32:28.900 --> 00:32:29.340 Anyway. 506 00:32:30.740 --> 00:32:32.140 I want to leave you then. 507 00:32:32.580 --> 00:32:33.020 With. 508 00:32:33.680 --> 00:32:34.520 With the thought. 509 00:32:34.740 --> 00:32:35.640 That one of the things. 510 00:32:35.700 --> 00:32:35.920 Which characterizes. 511 00:32:36.120 --> 00:32:36.480 The debate. 512 00:32:37.260 --> 00:32:37.780 About. 513 00:32:38.540 --> 00:32:39.580 New configurations. 514 00:32:39.920 --> 00:32:40.440 Of. 515 00:32:40.820 --> 00:32:41.340 Community. 516 00:32:41.700 --> 00:32:42.720 As dangerous. 517 00:32:43.160 --> 00:32:43.680 Landscapes. 518 00:32:44.080 --> 00:32:44.940 Is actually. 519 00:32:45.020 --> 00:32:45.480 An anxiety. 520 00:32:46.100 --> 00:32:47.060 About the attempt. 521 00:32:47.200 --> 00:32:47.580 To reform. 522 00:32:47.840 --> 00:32:48.480 The relationships. 523 00:32:48.720 --> 00:32:49.200 Between. 524 00:32:49.200 --> 00:32:49.960 Men and women. 525 00:32:50.120 --> 00:32:51.200 And to reimagine. 526 00:32:52.720 --> 00:32:53.240 Masculinities. 527 00:32:53.280 --> 00:32:54.200 And femininities. 528 00:32:55.040 --> 00:32:56.020 And certainly. 529 00:32:56.260 --> 00:32:56.860 To think. 530 00:32:56.960 --> 00:32:57.500 About masculinity. 531 00:32:57.640 --> 00:32:58.200 As being. 532 00:32:58.280 --> 00:32:59.180 Not spatially. 533 00:32:59.260 --> 00:32:59.780 Separated. 534 00:32:59.820 --> 00:33:00.320 And spatially. 535 00:33:00.380 --> 00:33:00.860 Dominant. 536 00:33:00.940 --> 00:33:01.520 In relation. 537 00:33:01.800 --> 00:33:02.220 To women. 538 00:33:02.300 --> 00:33:02.820 And children. 539 00:33:03.680 --> 00:33:04.700 And indeed. 540 00:33:04.900 --> 00:33:05.320 To. 541 00:33:06.120 --> 00:33:06.500 To try. 542 00:33:06.640 --> 00:33:06.840 And think. 543 00:33:06.960 --> 00:33:07.420 About community. 544 00:33:07.560 --> 00:33:08.080 As a space. 545 00:33:08.160 --> 00:33:08.580 In which. 546 00:33:08.760 --> 00:33:09.560 Men and women. 547 00:33:09.860 --> 00:33:10.260 Share. 548 00:33:11.440 --> 00:33:11.840 Space. 549 00:33:12.120 --> 00:33:12.560 And time. 550 00:33:13.040 --> 00:33:13.440 Differently. 551 00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:15.140 From an earlier history. 552 00:33:15.360 --> 00:33:16.260 Of modernity. 553 00:33:17.120 --> 00:33:18.780 What all of these commentators do. 554 00:33:19.020 --> 00:33:19.380 Of course. 555 00:33:19.400 --> 00:33:19.980 Is resist. 556 00:33:20.080 --> 00:33:20.740 The possibility. 557 00:33:21.380 --> 00:33:22.360 That men and women. 558 00:33:22.460 --> 00:33:23.160 Are working out. 559 00:33:23.180 --> 00:33:23.520 A more. 560 00:33:23.740 --> 00:33:24.140 Democratic. 561 00:33:24.540 --> 00:33:24.940 Deal. 562 00:33:25.080 --> 00:33:25.840 With each other. 563 00:33:27.080 --> 00:33:27.820 They recoil. 564 00:33:28.160 --> 00:33:28.960 From that prospect. 565 00:33:30.500 --> 00:33:30.900 And. 566 00:33:30.960 --> 00:33:31.440 Of course. 567 00:33:31.460 --> 00:33:32.240 They have to do this. 568 00:33:32.300 --> 00:33:33.360 Because in a certain sense. 569 00:33:35.240 --> 00:33:35.920 To enter. 570 00:33:35.940 --> 00:33:36.100 In. 571 00:33:36.120 --> 00:33:36.440 The debate. 572 00:33:36.640 --> 00:33:37.620 About the reformation. 573 00:33:37.700 --> 00:33:38.520 Of relations. 574 00:33:38.740 --> 00:33:39.100 Between. 575 00:33:39.240 --> 00:33:39.980 Men and women. 576 00:33:40.200 --> 00:33:40.880 Would involve. 577 00:33:41.060 --> 00:33:41.820 Putting their own. 578 00:33:42.160 --> 00:33:42.560 Masculinity. 579 00:33:42.760 --> 00:33:43.340 Their own. 580 00:33:43.860 --> 00:33:44.260 Parenting. 581 00:33:44.320 --> 00:33:45.020 And their own. 582 00:33:45.200 --> 00:33:45.600 Relationship. 583 00:33:45.600 --> 00:33:46.440 To social space. 584 00:33:46.740 --> 00:33:47.460 Under scrutiny. 585 00:33:48.900 --> 00:33:49.460 And that. 586 00:33:49.500 --> 00:33:49.780 Of course. 587 00:33:49.780 --> 00:33:50.300 They can't afford. 588 00:33:50.380 --> 00:33:50.700 To do. 589 00:33:52.060 --> 00:33:52.600 And then. 590 00:33:52.660 --> 00:33:53.000 I will stop. 591 00:34:12.300 --> 00:34:13.780 At the first meeting. 592 00:34:13.860 --> 00:34:15.220 Of the advisory board. 593 00:34:15.320 --> 00:34:16.580 Of the festival of ideas. 594 00:34:17.400 --> 00:34:18.280 B Campbell's. 595 00:34:18.480 --> 00:34:18.920 Name. 596 00:34:18.940 --> 00:34:19.920 Was the first to be. 597 00:34:20.740 --> 00:34:21.180 Nominated. 598 00:34:21.980 --> 00:34:23.020 And you can see why. 599 00:34:24.100 --> 00:34:24.920 Ladies and gentlemen. 600 00:34:25.020 --> 00:34:25.660 We have. 601 00:34:25.780 --> 00:34:26.640 25 minutes. 602 00:34:26.720 --> 00:34:27.280 For questions. 603 00:34:27.660 --> 00:34:28.100 From. 604 00:34:28.500 --> 00:34:29.220 The audience. 605 00:34:29.520 --> 00:34:30.380 There are two microphones. 606 00:34:30.720 --> 00:34:31.280 One here. 607 00:34:31.440 --> 00:34:32.420 One half way up. 608 00:34:32.760 --> 00:34:33.720 I'd like you to. 609 00:34:33.780 --> 00:34:34.520 Rush to them. 610 00:34:35.440 --> 00:34:35.880 Immediately. 611 00:34:35.900 --> 00:34:36.100 And then. 612 00:34:36.100 --> 00:34:36.300 Lisa. 613 00:34:36.300 --> 00:34:36.880 We don't waste. 614 00:34:37.040 --> 00:34:37.540 A minute. 615 00:34:38.540 --> 00:34:39.020 And. 616 00:34:39.040 --> 00:34:39.720 We'll accept. 617 00:34:39.840 --> 00:34:40.180 Questions. 618 00:34:40.280 --> 00:34:40.640 From. 619 00:34:40.680 --> 00:34:41.020 Men. 620 00:34:41.080 --> 00:34:41.560 Provided. 621 00:34:41.560 --> 00:34:42.100 They're married. 622 00:34:47.620 --> 00:34:48.100 Sir. 623 00:34:48.920 --> 00:34:49.580 Thank you. 624 00:34:49.640 --> 00:34:50.060 Thank you. 625 00:34:50.120 --> 00:34:50.340 For. 626 00:34:50.360 --> 00:34:50.920 The talk. 627 00:34:51.080 --> 00:34:51.520 And. 628 00:34:51.560 --> 00:34:51.980 Continuing. 629 00:34:52.000 --> 00:34:52.520 The theme. 630 00:34:52.620 --> 00:34:52.900 That you. 631 00:34:53.560 --> 00:34:54.040 Mentioned. 632 00:34:54.040 --> 00:34:54.580 Last night. 633 00:34:55.840 --> 00:34:56.680 I find. 634 00:34:56.860 --> 00:34:57.500 I'd like to. 635 00:34:58.360 --> 00:34:58.840 Engage. 636 00:34:58.840 --> 00:34:59.380 In a few. 637 00:34:59.380 --> 00:34:59.780 Historical. 638 00:34:59.960 --> 00:35:00.440 Roots. 639 00:35:00.600 --> 00:35:01.080 No. 640 00:35:01.540 --> 00:35:02.020 Unintentional. 641 00:35:02.020 --> 00:35:02.240 Pun. 642 00:35:06.400 --> 00:35:06.780 I. 643 00:35:06.980 --> 00:35:07.120 Looked. 644 00:35:07.120 --> 00:35:07.360 Upon. 645 00:35:08.140 --> 00:35:08.520 And. 646 00:35:08.600 --> 00:35:08.760 I was. 647 00:35:08.860 --> 00:35:09.160 Reading. 648 00:35:09.720 --> 00:35:10.100 About. 649 00:35:11.220 --> 00:35:11.600 The. 650 00:35:11.760 --> 00:35:12.140 English. 651 00:35:12.560 --> 00:35:12.940 Relationship. 652 00:35:12.940 --> 00:35:13.140 With. 653 00:35:13.240 --> 00:35:13.620 Australia. 654 00:35:14.020 --> 00:35:14.400 And. 655 00:35:14.600 --> 00:35:14.660 Came. 656 00:35:14.760 --> 00:35:14.960 Across. 657 00:35:15.080 --> 00:35:15.260 This. 658 00:35:15.340 --> 00:35:15.540 Very. 659 00:35:15.960 --> 00:35:16.340 Interesting. 660 00:35:16.480 --> 00:35:16.760 Letter. 661 00:35:17.440 --> 00:35:17.820 From. 662 00:35:18.120 --> 00:35:18.500 KG. 663 00:35:18.520 --> 00:35:18.800 Mark. 664 00:35:18.920 --> 00:35:19.280 Five. 665 00:35:19.360 --> 00:35:19.580 King. 666 00:35:19.660 --> 00:35:20.000 George. 667 00:35:20.080 --> 00:35:20.220 The. 668 00:35:20.260 --> 00:35:20.580 Fifth. 669 00:35:20.660 --> 00:35:21.040 In. 670 00:35:21.660 --> 00:35:21.980 1931. 671 00:35:22.800 --> 00:35:23.120 When. 672 00:35:23.200 --> 00:35:23.320 He. 673 00:35:23.380 --> 00:35:23.480 Was. 674 00:35:23.580 --> 00:35:23.900 Quering. 675 00:35:24.520 --> 00:35:24.840 The. 676 00:35:25.200 --> 00:35:25.520 Appointment. 677 00:35:26.560 --> 00:35:26.880 Dare. 678 00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:27.120 I. 679 00:35:27.160 --> 00:35:27.380 Say. 680 00:35:27.480 --> 00:35:27.800 This. 681 00:35:27.800 --> 00:35:27.940 Of. 682 00:35:28.040 --> 00:35:28.080 An. 683 00:35:28.120 --> 00:35:28.440 Australian. 684 00:35:28.640 --> 00:35:28.880 Governor. 685 00:35:29.080 --> 00:35:29.400 General. 686 00:35:30.500 --> 00:35:30.820 And. 687 00:35:30.900 --> 00:35:31.060 His. 688 00:35:31.100 --> 00:35:31.360 Letter. 689 00:35:31.880 --> 00:35:32.200 Which. 690 00:35:32.260 --> 00:35:32.360 Is. 691 00:35:32.500 --> 00:35:32.820 Included. 692 00:35:32.840 --> 00:35:32.980 In. 693 00:35:33.040 --> 00:35:33.360 Stanford. 694 00:35:34.040 --> 00:35:34.360 Stanford. 695 00:35:35.040 --> 00:35:35.360 Ham's. 696 00:35:36.320 --> 00:35:36.640 Memoirs. 697 00:35:36.840 --> 00:35:37.160 Said. 698 00:35:38.100 --> 00:35:38.380 And. 699 00:35:38.880 --> 00:35:39.160 This. 700 00:35:39.300 --> 00:35:39.420 I. 701 00:35:39.480 --> 00:35:39.600 Think. 702 00:35:39.620 --> 00:35:39.840 Comes. 703 00:35:39.900 --> 00:35:40.140 Back. 704 00:35:40.140 --> 00:35:40.320 To. 705 00:35:40.340 --> 00:35:40.440 Your. 706 00:35:40.560 --> 00:35:40.840 Point. 707 00:35:41.160 --> 00:35:41.440 The. 708 00:35:41.620 --> 00:35:41.900 Male. 709 00:35:42.420 --> 00:35:42.700 Opinion. 710 00:35:42.780 --> 00:35:43.060 Of. 711 00:35:43.180 --> 00:35:43.460 Society. 712 00:35:45.400 --> 00:35:45.680 And. 713 00:35:45.760 --> 00:35:45.980 King. 714 00:35:46.080 --> 00:35:46.360 George. 715 00:35:46.380 --> 00:35:46.540 The. 716 00:35:46.640 --> 00:35:46.840 Fifth. 717 00:35:46.980 --> 00:35:47.260 Said. 718 00:35:48.360 --> 00:35:48.640 To. 719 00:35:48.740 --> 00:35:49.020 Stanford. 720 00:35:49.200 --> 00:35:49.420 Who. 721 00:35:49.780 --> 00:35:50.060 Repeated. 722 00:35:50.100 --> 00:35:50.260 It. 723 00:35:50.700 --> 00:35:50.980 His. 724 00:35:51.180 --> 00:35:51.460 Majesty. 725 00:35:51.480 --> 00:35:51.680 Is. 726 00:35:51.720 --> 00:35:51.840 Well. 727 00:35:51.860 --> 00:35:52.120 Aware. 728 00:36:07.280 --> 00:36:07.320 As. 729 00:36:07.420 --> 00:36:07.440 The. 730 00:36:07.620 --> 00:36:07.860 Himself. 731 00:36:08.040 --> 00:36:08.280 Told. 732 00:36:08.400 --> 00:36:08.560 Mr. 733 00:36:08.780 --> 00:36:09.020 Scallon. 734 00:36:09.820 --> 00:36:10.060 He. 735 00:36:10.120 --> 00:36:10.300 Could. 736 00:36:10.400 --> 00:36:10.580 Would. 737 00:36:10.680 --> 00:36:10.800 Not. 738 00:36:10.800 --> 00:36:11.000 Give. 739 00:36:11.120 --> 00:36:11.280 Him. 740 00:36:11.300 --> 00:36:11.400 The. 741 00:36:11.700 --> 00:36:11.940 Opportunity. 742 00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:12.100 Of. 743 00:36:12.360 --> 00:36:12.600 Executing. 744 00:36:12.660 --> 00:36:12.900 Any. 745 00:36:12.960 --> 00:36:13.180 Such. 746 00:36:13.540 --> 00:36:13.780 Maneuver. 747 00:36:14.980 --> 00:36:15.220 Has. 748 00:36:15.440 --> 00:36:15.580 The. 749 00:36:15.760 --> 00:36:16.000 Opinion. 750 00:36:16.380 --> 00:36:16.620 Of. 751 00:36:16.680 --> 00:36:16.760 The. 752 00:36:16.920 --> 00:36:17.160 Ruling. 753 00:36:17.220 --> 00:36:17.460 Class. 754 00:36:18.380 --> 00:36:18.620 In. 755 00:36:18.620 --> 00:36:18.860 Britain. 756 00:36:19.760 --> 00:36:20.080 As. 757 00:36:20.500 --> 00:36:20.820 Exemplified. 758 00:36:20.820 --> 00:36:20.980 By. 759 00:36:21.080 --> 00:36:21.120 The. 760 00:36:21.220 --> 00:36:21.420 Monarchy. 761 00:36:22.040 --> 00:36:22.360 Changed. 762 00:36:22.380 --> 00:36:22.560 In. 763 00:36:22.620 --> 00:36:22.720 Any. 764 00:36:22.760 --> 00:36:22.960 Way. 765 00:36:30.700 --> 00:36:31.020 Speechless. 766 00:36:32.300 --> 00:36:32.620 B. 767 00:36:32.800 --> 00:36:32.980 Does. 768 00:36:33.180 --> 00:36:33.360 This. 769 00:36:33.400 --> 00:36:33.560 It's. 770 00:36:33.860 --> 00:36:34.180 Terrifying. 771 00:36:35.640 --> 00:36:35.960 But. 772 00:36:36.020 --> 00:36:36.100 She. 773 00:36:36.180 --> 00:36:36.260 Is. 774 00:36:36.300 --> 00:36:36.380 In. 775 00:36:36.420 --> 00:36:36.540 Fact. 776 00:36:36.800 --> 00:36:37.120 Gathering. 777 00:36:37.120 --> 00:36:37.260 Her. 778 00:36:37.740 --> 00:36:38.060 Thoughts. 779 00:36:41.640 --> 00:36:41.960 Well. 780 00:36:42.060 --> 00:36:42.140 I. 781 00:36:42.180 --> 00:36:42.460 Suppose. 782 00:36:42.900 --> 00:36:43.220 They. 783 00:36:43.360 --> 00:36:43.560 Have. 784 00:36:45.140 --> 00:36:45.380 Communists. 785 00:36:45.400 --> 00:36:45.520 Have. 786 00:36:45.900 --> 00:36:46.140 Replaced. 787 00:36:46.220 --> 00:36:46.360 By. 788 00:36:46.780 --> 00:36:47.020 Criminals. 789 00:36:50.240 --> 00:36:50.480 And. 790 00:36:50.620 --> 00:36:50.660 If. 791 00:36:50.700 --> 00:36:50.800 Not. 792 00:36:51.040 --> 00:36:51.280 Criminals. 793 00:36:51.480 --> 00:36:51.720 Children. 794 00:36:53.240 --> 00:36:53.480 As. 795 00:36:53.580 --> 00:36:53.680 The. 796 00:36:54.000 --> 00:36:54.240 Spectre. 797 00:36:54.380 --> 00:36:54.620 Haunting. 798 00:36:54.780 --> 00:36:55.020 Europe. 799 00:36:59.580 --> 00:36:59.820 Another. 800 00:37:02.100 --> 00:37:02.340 Married. 801 00:37:02.340 --> 00:37:02.520 Man. 802 00:37:02.620 --> 00:37:02.800 Is. 803 00:37:02.840 --> 00:37:02.960 Now. 804 00:37:03.020 --> 00:37:03.260 Moving. 805 00:37:03.280 --> 00:37:03.400 At. 806 00:37:03.420 --> 00:37:03.500 The. 807 00:37:03.680 --> 00:37:03.920 Microphone. 808 00:37:04.020 --> 00:37:04.240 Yes. 809 00:37:05.560 --> 00:37:05.800 Where. 810 00:37:05.920 --> 00:37:05.960 Are. 811 00:37:05.980 --> 00:37:06.060 The. 812 00:37:06.060 --> 00:37:06.300 Women. 813 00:37:06.940 --> 00:37:07.180 Thank. 814 00:37:08.180 --> 00:37:08.420 You. 815 00:37:09.140 --> 00:37:09.380 Have. 816 00:37:09.520 --> 00:37:09.560 Got. 817 00:37:09.580 --> 00:37:09.800 Yes. 818 00:37:09.920 --> 00:37:10.040 I've. 819 00:37:10.160 --> 00:37:10.300 Given. 820 00:37:10.300 --> 00:37:10.460 The. 821 00:37:10.540 --> 00:37:10.660 Floor. 822 00:37:10.700 --> 00:37:10.820 To. 823 00:37:10.840 --> 00:37:10.960 You. 824 00:37:11.020 --> 00:37:11.100 And. 825 00:37:11.160 --> 00:37:11.300 Them. 826 00:37:12.180 --> 00:37:12.420 Thanks. 827 00:37:12.580 --> 00:37:12.700 Very. 828 00:37:12.780 --> 00:37:13.020 Much. 829 00:37:13.060 --> 00:37:13.180 I. 830 00:37:13.200 --> 00:37:13.380 Thought. 831 00:37:13.500 --> 00:37:13.540 It. 832 00:37:13.580 --> 00:37:13.620 Was. 833 00:37:13.660 --> 00:37:13.700 A. 834 00:37:13.780 --> 00:37:13.820 Great. 835 00:37:14.020 --> 00:37:14.260 Speech. 836 00:37:14.280 --> 00:37:14.460 And. 837 00:37:14.460 --> 00:37:14.660 I. 838 00:37:14.780 --> 00:37:14.880 Read. 839 00:37:14.980 --> 00:37:15.100 Your. 840 00:37:15.140 --> 00:37:15.360 Book. 841 00:37:15.360 --> 00:37:15.720 We. 842 00:37:15.840 --> 00:37:15.920 Can. 843 00:37:16.200 --> 00:37:16.440 Peer. 844 00:37:16.960 --> 00:37:17.200 Revisited. 845 00:37:17.220 --> 00:37:17.360 I. 846 00:37:17.420 --> 00:37:17.500 Think. 847 00:37:17.560 --> 00:37:17.640 It's. 848 00:37:17.720 --> 00:37:17.900 Called. 849 00:37:18.360 --> 00:37:18.600 And. 850 00:37:18.960 --> 00:37:19.200 Did. 851 00:37:19.340 --> 00:37:19.400 The. 852 00:37:19.520 --> 00:37:19.600 Same. 853 00:37:19.720 --> 00:37:19.920 Thing. 854 00:37:19.920 --> 00:37:20.140 There. 855 00:37:20.340 --> 00:37:20.580 Taking. 856 00:37:21.440 --> 00:37:21.680 A. 857 00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:23.240 Avowedly. 858 00:37:23.380 --> 00:37:23.620 Left. 859 00:37:23.720 --> 00:37:23.860 In. 860 00:37:23.900 --> 00:37:24.000 That. 861 00:37:24.040 --> 00:37:24.280 Case. 862 00:37:24.300 --> 00:37:24.440 Or. 863 00:37:24.500 --> 00:37:24.740 Well. 864 00:37:25.980 --> 00:37:26.220 His. 865 00:37:26.520 --> 00:37:26.760 Take. 866 00:37:27.060 --> 00:37:27.280 On. 867 00:37:27.680 --> 00:37:27.920 Poverty. 868 00:37:27.940 --> 00:37:28.080 In. 869 00:37:28.140 --> 00:37:28.380 England. 870 00:37:28.460 --> 00:37:28.620 And. 871 00:37:45.360 --> 00:37:45.540 The. 872 00:37:46.040 --> 00:37:46.380 Model. 873 00:37:46.420 --> 00:37:46.700 Of. 874 00:37:46.720 --> 00:37:46.860 Two. 875 00:37:47.000 --> 00:37:47.260 Tier. 876 00:37:47.520 --> 00:37:47.860 Governments. 877 00:37:47.960 --> 00:37:48.120 Or. 878 00:37:48.240 --> 00:37:48.540 Two. 879 00:37:48.640 --> 00:37:48.820 Tier. 880 00:37:49.060 --> 00:37:49.400 Societies. 881 00:37:49.440 --> 00:37:49.660 Of. 882 00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:50.340 Little. 883 00:37:50.660 --> 00:37:51.000 Pockets. 884 00:37:51.000 --> 00:37:51.200 Of. 885 00:37:51.220 --> 00:37:51.520 Extreme. 886 00:37:51.720 --> 00:37:52.060 Affluence. 887 00:37:52.280 --> 00:37:52.620 Surrounded. 888 00:37:52.620 --> 00:37:52.860 By. 889 00:37:52.980 --> 00:37:53.320 Seas. 890 00:37:53.320 --> 00:37:53.460 Of. 891 00:37:53.580 --> 00:37:53.920 Poverty. 892 00:37:54.340 --> 00:37:54.680 And. 893 00:37:54.740 --> 00:37:55.000 Bringing. 894 00:37:55.060 --> 00:37:55.240 That. 895 00:37:55.300 --> 00:37:55.500 Model. 896 00:37:55.620 --> 00:37:55.920 Back. 897 00:37:56.080 --> 00:37:56.340 To. 898 00:37:57.300 --> 00:37:57.640 The. 899 00:37:57.640 --> 00:37:57.800 West. 900 00:37:58.180 --> 00:37:58.320 And. 901 00:37:58.480 --> 00:37:58.780 Certainly. 902 00:37:58.800 --> 00:37:58.920 In. 903 00:37:59.000 --> 00:37:59.260 England. 904 00:37:59.420 --> 00:37:59.600 Where. 905 00:37:59.700 --> 00:37:59.840 I. 906 00:37:59.880 --> 00:38:00.040 Live. 907 00:38:00.540 --> 00:38:00.840 You. 908 00:38:00.960 --> 00:38:01.140 See. 909 00:38:01.220 --> 00:38:01.500 Close. 910 00:38:01.620 --> 00:38:01.880 Circuit. 911 00:38:02.120 --> 00:38:02.420 Televisions. 912 00:38:02.460 --> 00:38:02.700 All. 913 00:38:02.780 --> 00:38:02.980 Over. 914 00:38:03.060 --> 00:38:03.140 The. 915 00:38:03.280 --> 00:38:03.580 Place. 916 00:38:04.320 --> 00:38:04.620 Close. 917 00:38:04.720 --> 00:38:04.940 Circuit. 918 00:38:04.980 --> 00:38:05.280 Television. 919 00:38:05.580 --> 00:38:05.880 Cameras. 920 00:38:07.140 --> 00:38:07.440 That. 921 00:38:07.500 --> 00:38:07.760 That's. 922 00:38:07.840 --> 00:38:07.920 My. 923 00:38:08.060 --> 00:38:08.360 Observation. 924 00:38:08.540 --> 00:38:08.740 And. 925 00:38:08.840 --> 00:38:09.000 My. 926 00:38:09.060 --> 00:38:09.360 Question. 927 00:38:09.440 --> 00:38:09.680 Is. 928 00:38:10.080 --> 00:38:10.320 You. 929 00:38:10.380 --> 00:38:10.620 Very. 930 00:38:10.880 --> 00:38:11.060 Good. 931 00:38:11.140 --> 00:38:11.260 At. 932 00:38:12.480 --> 00:38:12.720 Interpreting. 933 00:38:12.740 --> 00:38:12.920 The. 934 00:38:13.040 --> 00:38:13.280 World. 935 00:38:13.380 --> 00:38:13.620 As. 936 00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:14.240 Philosophers. 937 00:38:14.260 --> 00:38:14.440 Always. 938 00:38:14.520 --> 00:38:14.700 Have. 939 00:38:14.860 --> 00:38:15.060 Been. 940 00:38:15.060 --> 00:38:15.260 But. 941 00:38:15.320 --> 00:38:15.440 The. 942 00:38:15.500 --> 00:38:15.620 Point. 943 00:38:15.760 --> 00:38:15.880 Is. 944 00:38:15.960 --> 00:38:16.080 To. 945 00:38:16.220 --> 00:38:16.460 Change. 946 00:38:16.540 --> 00:38:16.720 It. 947 00:38:17.160 --> 00:38:17.400 And. 948 00:38:18.160 --> 00:38:18.400 I. 949 00:38:18.500 --> 00:38:18.740 Wonder. 950 00:38:18.800 --> 00:38:19.000 What. 951 00:38:19.440 --> 00:38:19.680 Practical. 952 00:38:20.160 --> 00:38:20.400 Strategies. 953 00:38:20.400 --> 00:38:20.600 You. 954 00:38:20.640 --> 00:38:20.760 Would. 955 00:38:20.940 --> 00:38:21.180 Offer. 956 00:38:35.940 --> 00:38:36.180 I'm. 957 00:38:36.660 --> 00:38:36.900 Completely. 958 00:38:37.440 --> 00:38:37.680 Captured. 959 00:38:38.300 --> 00:38:38.540 By. 960 00:38:39.500 --> 00:38:39.740 Business. 961 00:38:39.860 --> 00:38:40.100 The. 962 00:38:40.260 --> 00:38:40.500 Right. 963 00:38:40.540 --> 00:38:40.780 The. 964 00:38:41.180 --> 00:38:41.420 Establishment. 965 00:38:41.460 --> 00:38:41.640 You. 966 00:38:41.680 --> 00:38:41.740 Know. 967 00:38:41.760 --> 00:38:41.920 Call. 968 00:38:42.020 --> 00:38:42.080 It. 969 00:38:42.100 --> 00:38:42.180 What. 970 00:38:42.340 --> 00:38:42.440 Will. 971 00:38:42.640 --> 00:38:42.880 What. 972 00:38:43.080 --> 00:38:43.320 Is. 973 00:38:43.440 --> 00:38:43.560 To. 974 00:38:43.620 --> 00:38:43.640 Be. 975 00:38:43.720 --> 00:38:43.880 Done. 976 00:38:45.240 --> 00:38:45.480 I. 977 00:38:45.780 --> 00:38:46.020 Lennon. 978 00:38:46.080 --> 00:38:46.200 Used. 979 00:38:46.280 --> 00:38:46.380 To. 980 00:38:46.380 --> 00:38:46.480 Ask. 981 00:38:46.560 --> 00:38:46.680 That. 982 00:38:46.760 --> 00:38:47.000 Question. 983 00:38:47.000 --> 00:38:47.180 Didn't. 984 00:38:47.300 --> 00:38:47.360 Be. 985 00:38:53.440 --> 00:38:53.680 Do. 986 00:38:54.060 --> 00:38:54.160 An. 987 00:38:54.220 --> 00:38:54.340 Answer. 988 00:38:54.400 --> 00:38:54.460 To. 989 00:38:54.480 --> 00:38:54.560 That. 990 00:38:54.660 --> 00:38:54.780 Now. 991 00:38:54.820 --> 00:38:54.960 When. 992 00:38:55.020 --> 00:38:55.040 You. 993 00:38:55.120 --> 00:38:55.220 Take. 994 00:38:55.320 --> 00:38:55.440 A. 995 00:38:55.640 --> 00:38:55.720 Of. 996 00:38:55.760 --> 00:38:56.000 Questions. 997 00:38:56.160 --> 00:38:56.380 No. 998 00:38:56.700 --> 00:38:56.940 Just. 999 00:38:57.920 --> 00:38:58.160 A. 1000 00:38:58.340 --> 00:38:58.540 Nice. 1001 00:38:58.820 --> 00:38:59.060 Expeditious. 1002 00:38:59.720 --> 00:38:59.960 Answer. 1003 00:39:00.080 --> 00:39:00.120 A. 1004 00:39:00.180 --> 00:39:00.420 Nice. 1005 00:39:00.600 --> 00:39:00.840 Expeditious. 1006 00:39:00.940 --> 00:39:01.160 Answer. 1007 00:39:01.420 --> 00:39:01.660 Well. 1008 00:39:01.720 --> 00:39:01.880 One. 1009 00:39:01.880 --> 00:39:01.920 Of. 1010 00:39:01.980 --> 00:39:02.020 The. 1011 00:39:02.340 --> 00:39:02.580 Which. 1012 00:39:03.180 --> 00:39:03.420 I. 1013 00:39:03.480 --> 00:39:03.680 Suppose. 1014 00:39:04.960 --> 00:39:05.200 Comes. 1015 00:39:05.280 --> 00:39:05.360 At. 1016 00:39:05.420 --> 00:39:05.440 The. 1017 00:39:05.560 --> 00:39:05.780 End. 1018 00:39:05.840 --> 00:39:06.020 Of. 1019 00:39:06.060 --> 00:39:06.120 The. 1020 00:39:06.360 --> 00:39:06.600 Conversation. 1021 00:39:06.720 --> 00:39:06.880 That. 1022 00:39:06.920 --> 00:39:06.980 I. 1023 00:39:07.160 --> 00:39:07.400 Embarked. 1024 00:39:07.400 --> 00:39:07.540 On. 1025 00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:08.240 This. 1026 00:39:08.360 --> 00:39:08.600 Morning. 1027 00:39:09.120 --> 00:39:09.360 Is. 1028 00:39:09.420 --> 00:39:09.520 If. 1029 00:39:09.640 --> 00:39:09.680 We. 1030 00:39:09.720 --> 00:39:09.860 Look. 1031 00:39:09.980 --> 00:39:10.100 At. 1032 00:39:10.200 --> 00:39:10.300 The. 1033 00:39:10.480 --> 00:39:10.720 Political. 1034 00:39:11.180 --> 00:39:11.420 Landscape. 1035 00:39:11.620 --> 00:39:11.860 Of. 1036 00:39:12.360 --> 00:39:12.600 Pauperized. 1037 00:39:12.600 --> 00:39:13.240 Communities. 1038 00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:14.320 At. 1039 00:39:14.420 --> 00:39:14.540 Their. 1040 00:39:15.300 --> 00:39:15.620 Extremes. 1041 00:39:16.100 --> 00:39:16.420 What's. 1042 00:39:16.460 --> 00:39:16.780 Clear. 1043 00:39:17.100 --> 00:39:17.420 Is. 1044 00:39:17.500 --> 00:39:17.560 That. 1045 00:39:17.620 --> 00:39:17.820 Crime. 1046 00:39:18.040 --> 00:39:18.200 Is. 1047 00:39:18.260 --> 00:39:18.300 A. 1048 00:39:18.420 --> 00:39:18.740 Context. 1049 00:39:18.820 --> 00:39:19.060 As. 1050 00:39:19.120 --> 00:39:19.220 I. 1051 00:39:19.240 --> 00:39:19.480 Said. 1052 00:39:20.020 --> 00:39:20.340 In. 1053 00:39:20.420 --> 00:39:20.660 Which. 1054 00:39:20.680 --> 00:39:20.920 Young. 1055 00:39:21.080 --> 00:39:21.320 Men. 1056 00:39:21.700 --> 00:39:22.020 Make. 1057 00:39:22.120 --> 00:39:22.320 Their. 1058 00:39:22.600 --> 00:39:22.920 Masculinity. 1059 00:39:23.420 --> 00:39:23.740 And. 1060 00:39:23.920 --> 00:39:24.240 As. 1061 00:39:24.260 --> 00:39:24.320 It. 1062 00:39:24.340 --> 00:39:24.440 Were. 1063 00:39:24.640 --> 00:39:24.960 Perform. 1064 00:39:25.360 --> 00:39:25.680 Masculinity. 1065 00:39:26.240 --> 00:39:26.560 As. 1066 00:39:26.820 --> 00:39:27.140 Difference. 1067 00:39:27.140 --> 00:39:27.500 And. 1068 00:39:27.960 --> 00:39:28.200 Dominance. 1069 00:39:28.380 --> 00:39:28.620 And. 1070 00:39:28.680 --> 00:39:28.720 That. 1071 00:39:28.880 --> 00:39:28.940 That's. 1072 00:39:29.320 --> 00:39:29.560 Expressed. 1073 00:39:29.880 --> 00:39:30.120 In. 1074 00:39:30.240 --> 00:39:30.320 The. 1075 00:39:30.500 --> 00:39:30.740 Space. 1076 00:39:30.800 --> 00:39:30.920 That. 1077 00:39:31.000 --> 00:39:31.140 They. 1078 00:39:31.340 --> 00:39:31.580 Share. 1079 00:39:32.140 --> 00:39:32.380 With. 1080 00:39:32.460 --> 00:39:32.560 The. 1081 00:39:32.700 --> 00:39:32.940 Rest. 1082 00:39:33.460 --> 00:39:33.700 Of. 1083 00:39:33.780 --> 00:39:33.880 Their. 1084 00:39:33.940 --> 00:39:34.140 Kin. 1085 00:39:34.320 --> 00:39:34.560 And. 1086 00:39:34.700 --> 00:39:34.940 Community. 1087 00:39:35.180 --> 00:39:35.420 And. 1088 00:39:35.520 --> 00:39:35.660 Something. 1089 00:39:35.780 --> 00:39:36.000 Else. 1090 00:39:36.140 --> 00:39:36.380 Happens. 1091 00:39:36.880 --> 00:39:37.120 Simultaneously. 1092 00:39:37.840 --> 00:39:38.080 That. 1093 00:39:38.140 --> 00:39:38.180 The. 1094 00:39:38.240 --> 00:39:38.420 Work. 1095 00:39:38.500 --> 00:39:38.600 Of. 1096 00:39:38.600 --> 00:39:38.740 Community. 1097 00:39:39.280 --> 00:39:39.560 Organization. 1098 00:39:39.800 --> 00:39:40.080 And. 1099 00:39:40.180 --> 00:39:40.440 Active. 1100 00:39:40.960 --> 00:39:41.240 Citizenship. 1101 00:39:41.240 --> 00:39:41.500 Which. 1102 00:39:41.560 --> 00:39:41.620 Is. 1103 00:39:41.720 --> 00:39:41.840 Very. 1104 00:39:42.080 --> 00:39:42.360 Vigorous. 1105 00:39:42.840 --> 00:39:43.120 I. 1106 00:39:43.160 --> 00:39:43.240 Have. 1107 00:39:43.320 --> 00:39:43.380 To. 1108 00:39:43.420 --> 00:39:43.580 Tell. 1109 00:39:43.580 --> 00:39:43.700 You. 1110 00:39:44.880 --> 00:39:45.160 In. 1111 00:39:45.940 --> 00:39:46.220 Pauperized. 1112 00:39:46.380 --> 00:39:46.660 Places. 1113 00:39:46.660 --> 00:39:46.860 In. 1114 00:39:46.900 --> 00:39:47.080 Britain. 1115 00:39:47.240 --> 00:39:47.520 Despite. 1116 00:39:47.620 --> 00:39:47.800 The. 1117 00:39:47.880 --> 00:39:48.040 Fact. 1118 00:39:48.060 --> 00:39:48.200 That. 1119 00:39:48.240 --> 00:39:48.380 Very. 1120 00:39:48.440 --> 00:39:48.660 Often. 1121 00:39:48.720 --> 00:39:48.920 They're. 1122 00:39:49.320 --> 00:39:49.600 Represented. 1123 00:39:50.160 --> 00:39:50.440 As. 1124 00:39:50.520 --> 00:39:50.800 Places. 1125 00:39:50.800 --> 00:39:50.920 That. 1126 00:39:51.460 --> 00:39:51.640 Of. 1127 00:39:51.780 --> 00:39:52.060 Asleep. 1128 00:39:52.960 --> 00:39:53.240 You. 1129 00:39:53.280 --> 00:39:53.400 Know. 1130 00:39:53.440 --> 00:39:53.560 That. 1131 00:39:53.620 --> 00:39:53.700 Need. 1132 00:39:53.780 --> 00:39:53.860 To. 1133 00:39:53.900 --> 00:39:54.000 Be. 1134 00:39:54.280 --> 00:39:54.560 Kissed. 1135 00:39:54.560 --> 00:39:54.720 Into. 1136 00:39:55.080 --> 00:39:55.360 Consciousness. 1137 00:39:55.760 --> 00:39:56.040 By. 1138 00:39:56.260 --> 00:39:56.540 The. 1139 00:39:56.640 --> 00:39:56.800 Modern. 1140 00:39:56.940 --> 00:39:57.200 Prince. 1141 00:39:57.420 --> 00:39:57.600 Our. 1142 00:39:57.660 --> 00:39:57.940 Prime. 1143 00:39:58.020 --> 00:39:58.300 Minister. 1144 00:40:02.200 --> 00:40:02.480 In. 1145 00:40:03.320 --> 00:40:03.360 My. 1146 00:40:03.580 --> 00:40:03.860 Experience. 1147 00:40:04.120 --> 00:40:04.400 In. 1148 00:40:05.020 --> 00:40:05.300 Pauperized. 1149 00:40:05.760 --> 00:40:06.040 Neighborhoods. 1150 00:40:06.600 --> 00:40:06.880 These. 1151 00:40:06.980 --> 00:40:07.160 Are. 1152 00:40:07.160 --> 00:40:07.360 These. 1153 00:40:07.460 --> 00:40:07.520 Are. 1154 00:40:07.620 --> 00:40:07.820 Sites. 1155 00:40:07.840 --> 00:40:07.960 Of. 1156 00:40:08.060 --> 00:40:08.160 Very. 1157 00:40:08.300 --> 00:40:08.700 Vigorous. 1158 00:40:09.280 --> 00:40:09.940 Self-Help. 1159 00:40:10.040 --> 00:40:10.380 Systems. 1160 00:40:10.700 --> 00:40:11.100 Forms. 1161 00:40:11.100 --> 00:40:11.180 Of. 1162 00:40:11.200 --> 00:40:11.440 Community. 1163 00:40:11.660 --> 00:40:12.060 Organization. 1164 00:40:12.680 --> 00:40:13.080 Which. 1165 00:40:13.200 --> 00:40:13.420 Are. 1166 00:40:13.740 --> 00:40:14.140 Endlessly. 1167 00:40:14.800 --> 00:40:15.200 Exasperated. 1168 00:40:15.280 --> 00:40:15.380 And. 1169 00:40:15.500 --> 00:40:15.900 Exhausted. 1170 00:40:16.620 --> 00:40:17.020 By. 1171 00:40:17.400 --> 00:40:17.800 But. 1172 00:40:17.820 --> 00:40:18.060 Very. 1173 00:40:18.120 --> 00:40:18.360 Often. 1174 00:40:18.860 --> 00:40:19.260 Their. 1175 00:40:19.340 --> 00:40:19.540 Lack. 1176 00:40:19.560 --> 00:40:19.640 Of. 1177 00:40:19.680 --> 00:40:19.920 Access. 1178 00:40:20.120 --> 00:40:20.380 To. 1179 00:40:20.420 --> 00:40:20.820 Resources. 1180 00:40:21.040 --> 00:40:21.300 Etc. 1181 00:40:21.500 --> 00:40:21.780 Etc. 1182 00:40:37.160 --> 00:40:37.300 That. 1183 00:40:37.400 --> 00:40:37.540 Their. 1184 00:40:37.720 --> 00:40:37.960 Active. 1185 00:40:38.040 --> 00:40:38.260 Those. 1186 00:40:38.540 --> 00:40:38.780 Networks. 1187 00:40:38.780 --> 00:40:38.860 Of. 1188 00:40:38.920 --> 00:40:39.160 Active. 1189 00:40:39.820 --> 00:40:40.060 Citizenship. 1190 00:40:40.380 --> 00:40:40.620 Are. 1191 00:40:41.280 --> 00:40:41.520 Unchampioned. 1192 00:40:41.760 --> 00:40:42.000 By. 1193 00:40:42.160 --> 00:40:42.300 The. 1194 00:40:42.360 --> 00:40:42.600 Political. 1195 00:40:42.800 --> 00:40:43.040 System. 1196 00:40:43.620 --> 00:40:43.860 And. 1197 00:40:43.940 --> 00:40:44.000 Of. 1198 00:40:44.080 --> 00:40:44.180 Course. 1199 00:40:44.260 --> 00:40:44.440 They. 1200 00:40:44.480 --> 00:40:44.580 Would. 1201 00:40:44.680 --> 00:40:44.780 Be. 1202 00:40:44.880 --> 00:40:45.120 Wouldn't. 1203 00:40:45.120 --> 00:40:45.320 They. 1204 00:40:45.700 --> 00:40:45.940 First. 1205 00:40:46.100 --> 00:40:46.220 Of. 1206 00:40:46.260 --> 00:40:46.360 All. 1207 00:40:46.380 --> 00:40:46.580 Because. 1208 00:40:47.260 --> 00:40:47.500 They're. 1209 00:40:47.660 --> 00:40:47.900 Largely. 1210 00:40:48.440 --> 00:40:48.680 Staffed. 1211 00:40:48.680 --> 00:40:49.060 By. 1212 00:40:49.120 --> 00:40:49.380 Women. 1213 00:40:49.820 --> 00:40:50.080 So. 1214 00:40:50.140 --> 00:40:50.260 They're. 1215 00:40:50.600 --> 00:40:50.860 Unseen. 1216 00:40:51.460 --> 00:40:51.720 They. 1217 00:40:52.040 --> 00:40:52.300 Fox. 1218 00:40:53.520 --> 00:40:53.780 British. 1219 00:40:53.880 --> 00:40:54.120 Political. 1220 00:40:54.300 --> 00:40:54.560 Society. 1221 00:40:54.740 --> 00:40:55.000 Because. 1222 00:40:55.380 --> 00:40:55.640 The. 1223 00:40:55.720 --> 00:40:55.780 Very. 1224 00:40:55.860 --> 00:40:56.080 Fact. 1225 00:40:56.140 --> 00:40:56.240 That. 1226 00:40:56.300 --> 00:40:56.360 They're. 1227 00:40:56.440 --> 00:40:56.540 Full. 1228 00:40:56.640 --> 00:40:56.760 Of. 1229 00:40:56.780 --> 00:40:57.040 Mothers. 1230 00:40:57.060 --> 00:40:57.260 Means. 1231 00:40:57.360 --> 00:40:57.500 That. 1232 00:40:57.660 --> 00:40:57.920 They're. 1233 00:40:58.140 --> 00:40:58.400 A. 1234 00:40:58.680 --> 00:40:58.760 Of. 1235 00:40:58.800 --> 00:40:58.840 A. 1236 00:40:58.860 --> 00:40:59.080 Mystery. 1237 00:40:59.820 --> 00:41:00.080 Also. 1238 00:41:00.260 --> 00:41:00.400 Of. 1239 00:41:00.400 --> 00:41:00.540 Course. 1240 00:41:00.720 --> 00:41:00.880 There. 1241 00:41:01.280 --> 00:41:01.640 Massive. 1242 00:41:01.660 --> 00:41:02.020 Political. 1243 00:41:02.140 --> 00:41:02.480 Problem. 1244 00:41:02.600 --> 00:41:02.960 Because. 1245 00:41:03.480 --> 00:41:03.840 Those. 1246 00:41:04.000 --> 00:41:04.360 Forms. 1247 00:41:04.360 --> 00:41:04.440 Of. 1248 00:41:04.480 --> 00:41:04.720 Community. 1249 00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:05.360 Organization. 1250 00:41:05.400 --> 00:41:05.680 Are. 1251 00:41:05.740 --> 00:41:05.980 Terribly. 1252 00:41:06.300 --> 00:41:06.660 Challenging. 1253 00:41:07.440 --> 00:41:07.800 And. 1254 00:41:08.220 --> 00:41:08.580 Particularly. 1255 00:41:08.800 --> 00:41:09.000 Of. 1256 00:41:09.060 --> 00:41:09.240 Course. 1257 00:41:09.260 --> 00:41:09.420 They're. 1258 00:41:09.520 --> 00:41:09.680 Terribly. 1259 00:41:09.920 --> 00:41:10.280 Challenging. 1260 00:41:10.380 --> 00:41:10.740 To. 1261 00:41:10.940 --> 00:41:11.300 The. 1262 00:41:11.440 --> 00:41:11.800 Managers. 1263 00:41:11.960 --> 00:41:12.160 And. 1264 00:41:12.560 --> 00:41:12.920 Landlords. 1265 00:41:13.280 --> 00:41:13.640 Of. 1266 00:41:13.720 --> 00:41:13.900 That. 1267 00:41:13.900 --> 00:41:14.220 Local. 1268 00:41:14.460 --> 00:41:14.720 Space. 1269 00:41:15.740 --> 00:41:16.020 Bear. 1270 00:41:16.180 --> 00:41:16.260 In. 1271 00:41:16.320 --> 00:41:16.580 Mind. 1272 00:41:16.600 --> 00:41:16.820 That. 1273 00:41:17.120 --> 00:41:17.400 Until. 1274 00:41:17.800 --> 00:41:18.080 Relatively. 1275 00:41:18.280 --> 00:41:18.560 Recently. 1276 00:41:19.400 --> 00:41:19.680 Something. 1277 00:41:19.780 --> 00:41:20.020 Like. 1278 00:41:20.460 --> 00:41:20.740 60%. 1279 00:41:20.740 --> 00:41:21.280 Of. 1280 00:41:21.540 --> 00:41:21.820 Households. 1281 00:41:21.820 --> 00:41:21.920 In. 1282 00:41:21.940 --> 00:41:22.180 Britain. 1283 00:41:22.820 --> 00:41:23.100 Lived. 1284 00:41:23.220 --> 00:41:23.500 In. 1285 00:41:24.200 --> 00:41:24.480 Municipal. 1286 00:41:24.560 --> 00:41:24.840 Tenancies. 1287 00:41:24.960 --> 00:41:25.100 In. 1288 00:41:25.180 --> 00:41:25.240 Other. 1289 00:41:25.280 --> 00:41:25.440 Words. 1290 00:41:25.460 --> 00:41:25.560 They. 1291 00:41:25.660 --> 00:41:25.940 Lived. 1292 00:41:25.980 --> 00:41:26.140 In. 1293 00:41:26.180 --> 00:41:26.420 Council. 1294 00:41:26.660 --> 00:41:26.940 Estates. 1295 00:41:27.140 --> 00:41:27.420 Their. 1296 00:41:27.420 --> 00:41:28.120 Landlord. 1297 00:41:29.100 --> 00:41:29.460 Was. 1298 00:41:29.560 --> 00:41:29.820 Also. 1299 00:41:29.820 --> 00:41:29.980 Their. 1300 00:41:30.080 --> 00:41:30.360 Political. 1301 00:41:30.460 --> 00:41:30.820 Party. 1302 00:41:32.320 --> 00:41:32.680 So. 1303 00:41:32.780 --> 00:41:32.960 Those. 1304 00:41:33.080 --> 00:41:33.440 Forms. 1305 00:41:33.440 --> 00:41:33.520 Of. 1306 00:41:33.560 --> 00:41:33.760 Community. 1307 00:41:33.900 --> 00:41:34.260 Action. 1308 00:41:34.900 --> 00:41:35.260 Very. 1309 00:41:35.380 --> 00:41:35.740 Vigorous. 1310 00:41:35.820 --> 00:41:36.020 Very. 1311 00:41:36.440 --> 00:41:36.800 Aggravating. 1312 00:41:36.820 --> 00:41:37.120 To. 1313 00:41:37.160 --> 00:41:37.240 The. 1314 00:41:37.280 --> 00:41:37.520 Political. 1315 00:41:37.600 --> 00:41:37.920 System. 1316 00:41:38.500 --> 00:41:38.860 Meant. 1317 00:41:38.900 --> 00:41:39.240 That. 1318 00:41:39.500 --> 00:41:39.860 The. 1319 00:41:40.100 --> 00:41:40.460 Challengers. 1320 00:41:40.920 --> 00:41:41.280 Within. 1321 00:41:41.360 --> 00:41:41.540 The. 1322 00:41:41.560 --> 00:41:41.920 Community. 1323 00:41:41.980 --> 00:41:42.180 Were. 1324 00:41:42.620 --> 00:41:42.980 Challenging. 1325 00:41:43.440 --> 00:41:43.800 Largely. 1326 00:41:44.260 --> 00:41:44.620 The. 1327 00:41:44.660 --> 00:41:45.000 Only. 1328 00:41:45.540 --> 00:41:45.900 Statutory. 1329 00:41:45.980 --> 00:41:46.320 Service. 1330 00:41:46.500 --> 00:41:46.760 Or. 1331 00:41:46.880 --> 00:41:47.220 You. 1332 00:41:47.300 --> 00:41:47.380 Know. 1333 00:41:47.380 --> 00:41:47.640 Or. 1334 00:41:47.860 --> 00:41:48.220 Major. 1335 00:41:48.380 --> 00:41:48.740 Resource. 1336 00:41:48.940 --> 00:41:49.300 Available. 1337 00:41:49.360 --> 00:41:49.540 To. 1338 00:41:49.560 --> 00:41:49.680 Them. 1339 00:41:49.680 --> 00:41:49.860 The. 1340 00:41:49.980 --> 00:41:50.200 Local. 1341 00:41:50.320 --> 00:41:50.680 Council. 1342 00:41:51.540 --> 00:41:51.900 Inhabited. 1343 00:41:51.940 --> 00:41:52.300 By. 1344 00:41:52.560 --> 00:41:52.920 Their. 1345 00:41:53.020 --> 00:41:53.380 Party. 1346 00:41:53.480 --> 00:41:53.760 The. 1347 00:41:53.800 --> 00:41:54.000 Labour. 1348 00:41:54.100 --> 00:41:54.380 Party. 1349 00:41:54.620 --> 00:41:54.980 So. 1350 00:41:55.040 --> 00:41:55.100 The. 1351 00:41:55.180 --> 00:41:55.300 Labour. 1352 00:41:55.380 --> 00:41:55.580 Party. 1353 00:41:55.580 --> 00:41:55.680 Has. 1354 00:41:56.060 --> 00:41:56.300 Particularly. 1355 00:41:56.740 --> 00:41:56.980 Crucial. 1356 00:41:57.300 --> 00:41:57.540 In. 1357 00:41:57.600 --> 00:41:57.700 As. 1358 00:41:57.760 --> 00:41:57.820 It. 1359 00:41:57.840 --> 00:41:58.020 Were. 1360 00:41:59.520 --> 00:41:59.760 Disorganizing. 1361 00:42:00.600 --> 00:42:00.840 Those. 1362 00:42:01.160 --> 00:42:01.400 Systems. 1363 00:42:01.480 --> 00:42:01.720 Of. 1364 00:42:01.780 --> 00:42:02.020 Community. 1365 00:42:02.420 --> 00:42:02.660 Organization. 1366 00:42:04.440 --> 00:42:04.680 So. 1367 00:42:05.380 --> 00:42:05.620 Apropos. 1368 00:42:05.700 --> 00:42:05.820 Of. 1369 00:42:05.820 --> 00:42:05.860 Your. 1370 00:42:06.220 --> 00:42:06.460 Question. 1371 00:42:06.620 --> 00:42:06.760 If. 1372 00:42:06.800 --> 00:42:06.860 We're. 1373 00:42:06.900 --> 00:42:06.980 Thinking. 1374 00:42:07.040 --> 00:42:07.220 About. 1375 00:42:07.280 --> 00:42:07.500 The. 1376 00:42:07.660 --> 00:42:07.900 Political. 1377 00:42:08.320 --> 00:42:08.560 Implications. 1378 00:42:08.580 --> 00:42:08.780 Of. 1379 00:42:08.840 --> 00:42:08.920 All. 1380 00:42:08.940 --> 00:42:09.080 Of. 1381 00:42:09.080 --> 00:42:09.260 This. 1382 00:42:09.620 --> 00:42:09.940 One. 1383 00:42:10.060 --> 00:42:10.080 Of. 1384 00:42:10.140 --> 00:42:10.200 The. 1385 00:42:10.360 --> 00:42:10.680 Crucial. 1386 00:42:11.420 --> 00:42:11.740 Political. 1387 00:42:12.180 --> 00:42:12.500 Implications. 1388 00:42:12.500 --> 00:42:12.800 Is. 1389 00:42:12.860 --> 00:42:13.020 That. 1390 00:42:13.060 --> 00:42:13.320 Political. 1391 00:42:13.420 --> 00:42:13.740 Society. 1392 00:42:14.340 --> 00:42:14.660 Needs. 1393 00:42:14.680 --> 00:42:14.860 To. 1394 00:42:14.960 --> 00:42:15.140 Connect. 1395 00:42:15.380 --> 00:42:15.700 To. 1396 00:42:16.240 --> 00:42:16.560 Those. 1397 00:42:16.960 --> 00:42:17.280 Networks. 1398 00:42:17.280 --> 00:42:17.440 Those. 1399 00:42:17.540 --> 00:42:17.760 Self. 1400 00:42:17.780 --> 00:42:18.000 Help. 1401 00:42:18.060 --> 00:42:18.320 Systems. 1402 00:42:18.420 --> 00:42:18.740 Those. 1403 00:42:19.020 --> 00:42:19.340 Survival. 1404 00:42:19.660 --> 00:42:19.980 Strategies. 1405 00:42:20.540 --> 00:42:20.860 Largely. 1406 00:42:21.260 --> 00:42:21.580 Organized. 1407 00:42:22.400 --> 00:42:22.720 Largely. 1408 00:42:22.860 --> 00:42:23.180 Organized. 1409 00:42:23.180 --> 00:42:23.320 By. 1410 00:42:23.320 --> 00:42:23.580 Mothers. 1411 00:42:23.860 --> 00:42:24.140 Who. 1412 00:42:24.200 --> 00:42:24.460 These. 1413 00:42:24.480 --> 00:42:24.700 Days. 1414 00:42:25.040 --> 00:42:25.320 Constitute. 1415 00:42:25.400 --> 00:42:25.600 Just. 1416 00:42:25.680 --> 00:42:25.780 About. 1417 00:42:25.840 --> 00:42:25.920 The. 1418 00:42:25.960 --> 00:42:26.240 Only. 1419 00:42:26.500 --> 00:42:26.780 Political. 1420 00:42:26.900 --> 00:42:27.180 Resource. 1421 00:42:27.460 --> 00:42:27.740 Available. 1422 00:42:27.840 --> 00:42:27.980 To. 1423 00:42:28.020 --> 00:42:28.160 Those. 1424 00:42:28.440 --> 00:42:28.720 Neighborhoods. 1425 00:42:28.900 --> 00:42:29.180 But. 1426 00:42:29.240 --> 00:42:29.340 As. 1427 00:42:29.380 --> 00:42:29.460 I. 1428 00:42:29.520 --> 00:42:29.680 Say. 1429 00:42:29.720 --> 00:42:29.900 Our. 1430 00:42:30.260 --> 00:42:30.540 Unchampion. 1431 00:42:30.580 --> 00:42:30.820 And. 1432 00:42:30.920 --> 00:42:31.020 On. 1433 00:42:31.060 --> 00:42:31.280 Scene. 1434 00:42:33.740 --> 00:42:34.020 Madam. 1435 00:42:34.120 --> 00:42:34.300 Your. 1436 00:42:34.360 --> 00:42:34.580 Time. 1437 00:42:37.520 --> 00:42:37.800 Be. 1438 00:42:38.040 --> 00:42:38.320 Speaking. 1439 00:42:38.320 --> 00:42:38.660 About. 1440 00:42:38.860 --> 00:42:39.020 The. 1441 00:42:39.120 --> 00:42:39.320 Idea. 1442 00:42:39.400 --> 00:42:39.520 Of. 1443 00:42:39.540 --> 00:42:39.700 Men. 1444 00:42:40.080 --> 00:42:40.280 Spending. 1445 00:42:40.280 --> 00:42:40.440 So. 1446 00:42:40.480 --> 00:42:40.560 Much. 1447 00:42:40.640 --> 00:42:40.820 Time. 1448 00:42:40.880 --> 00:42:41.020 At. 1449 00:42:41.100 --> 00:42:41.260 Work. 1450 00:42:41.320 --> 00:42:41.480 And. 1451 00:42:41.520 --> 00:42:41.720 At. 1452 00:42:41.760 --> 00:42:41.840 The. 1453 00:42:41.860 --> 00:42:41.960 Pub. 1454 00:42:42.040 --> 00:42:42.140 And. 1455 00:42:42.260 --> 00:42:42.380 Have. 1456 00:42:42.380 --> 00:42:42.500 You. 1457 00:42:42.520 --> 00:42:42.680 For. 1458 00:42:42.780 --> 00:42:42.800 The. 1459 00:42:42.880 --> 00:42:43.040 Company. 1460 00:42:43.180 --> 00:42:43.260 Of. 1461 00:42:43.300 --> 00:42:43.380 Other. 1462 00:42:43.460 --> 00:42:43.560 Men. 1463 00:42:43.700 --> 00:42:43.900 And. 1464 00:42:44.000 --> 00:42:44.200 To. 1465 00:42:44.340 --> 00:42:44.540 Reinforce. 1466 00:42:44.640 --> 00:42:44.780 The. 1467 00:42:45.020 --> 00:42:45.260 Masculinity. 1468 00:42:45.700 --> 00:42:45.940 And. 1469 00:42:46.100 --> 00:42:46.340 Got. 1470 00:42:46.460 --> 00:42:46.520 Me. 1471 00:42:46.700 --> 00:42:46.940 Wondering. 1472 00:42:46.980 --> 00:42:47.220 Do. 1473 00:42:47.400 --> 00:42:47.620 Think. 1474 00:42:47.640 --> 00:42:47.880 That. 1475 00:42:48.180 --> 00:42:48.420 There's. 1476 00:42:48.480 --> 00:42:48.540 A. 1477 00:42:48.680 --> 00:42:48.920 Parallel. 1478 00:42:48.960 --> 00:42:49.160 There. 1479 00:42:49.200 --> 00:42:49.380 With. 1480 00:42:49.620 --> 00:42:49.860 Women. 1481 00:42:50.320 --> 00:42:50.560 Staying. 1482 00:42:50.600 --> 00:42:50.760 Below. 1483 00:42:50.840 --> 00:42:51.020 The. 1484 00:42:51.040 --> 00:42:51.260 Glass. 1485 00:42:51.400 --> 00:42:51.640 Ceiling. 1486 00:42:51.680 --> 00:42:51.880 Because. 1487 00:42:51.960 --> 00:42:52.200 That's. 1488 00:42:52.220 --> 00:42:52.280 Where. 1489 00:42:52.380 --> 00:42:52.400 All. 1490 00:42:52.440 --> 00:42:52.560 The. 1491 00:42:52.580 --> 00:42:52.640 Other. 1492 00:42:52.740 --> 00:42:52.860 Women. 1493 00:42:53.000 --> 00:42:53.240 Work. 1494 00:42:54.660 --> 00:42:54.900 To. 1495 00:42:54.900 --> 00:42:54.980 Go. 1496 00:42:55.740 --> 00:42:55.940 Into. 1497 00:42:56.180 --> 00:42:56.380 Management. 1498 00:42:56.420 --> 00:42:56.620 Is. 1499 00:42:56.680 --> 00:42:56.820 To. 1500 00:42:56.900 --> 00:42:57.100 Leave. 1501 00:42:57.200 --> 00:42:57.320 The. 1502 00:42:57.460 --> 00:42:57.660 Company. 1503 00:42:57.800 --> 00:42:58.000 Of. 1504 00:42:58.020 --> 00:42:58.220 Other. 1505 00:42:58.280 --> 00:42:58.460 Women. 1506 00:42:58.500 --> 00:42:58.620 In. 1507 00:42:58.660 --> 00:42:58.720 The. 1508 00:42:58.760 --> 00:42:58.820 Work. 1509 00:42:59.000 --> 00:42:59.200 Place. 1510 00:42:59.720 --> 00:42:59.920 Do. 1511 00:42:59.960 --> 00:43:00.000 You. 1512 00:43:00.040 --> 00:43:00.160 Think. 1513 00:43:00.180 --> 00:43:00.300 There's. 1514 00:43:00.380 --> 00:43:00.440 Any. 1515 00:43:00.500 --> 00:43:00.640 Truth. 1516 00:43:00.740 --> 00:43:00.880 In. 1517 00:43:00.900 --> 00:43:01.040 That. 1518 00:43:04.600 --> 00:43:04.800 I. 1519 00:43:04.960 --> 00:43:05.000 Think. 1520 00:43:05.080 --> 00:43:05.280 Something. 1521 00:43:05.400 --> 00:43:05.600 Different. 1522 00:43:05.780 --> 00:43:05.980 Happens. 1523 00:43:06.080 --> 00:43:06.280 With. 1524 00:43:06.280 --> 00:43:06.420 Women. 1525 00:43:06.600 --> 00:43:06.840 I. 1526 00:43:06.980 --> 00:43:07.000 Don't. 1527 00:43:07.080 --> 00:43:07.260 Think. 1528 00:43:07.320 --> 00:43:07.400 That. 1529 00:43:07.460 --> 00:43:07.600 Women. 1530 00:43:07.840 --> 00:43:08.120 Are. 1531 00:43:08.640 --> 00:43:08.920 Obsessed. 1532 00:43:09.540 --> 00:43:09.820 With. 1533 00:43:10.500 --> 00:43:10.780 A. 1534 00:43:11.240 --> 00:43:11.520 A. 1535 00:43:11.580 --> 00:43:11.840 Defense. 1536 00:43:11.940 --> 00:43:12.200 Of. 1537 00:43:12.500 --> 00:43:12.780 Femininity. 1538 00:43:12.940 --> 00:43:13.220 As. 1539 00:43:13.620 --> 00:43:13.900 Always. 1540 00:43:14.220 --> 00:43:14.500 Not. 1541 00:43:14.900 --> 00:43:15.180 Masculinity. 1542 00:43:16.300 --> 00:43:16.580 Our. 1543 00:43:16.680 --> 00:43:16.760 Own. 1544 00:43:16.840 --> 00:43:17.120 Generation. 1545 00:43:17.140 --> 00:43:17.420 All. 1546 00:43:17.520 --> 00:43:17.580 The. 1547 00:43:17.620 --> 00:43:17.680 Women. 1548 00:43:17.740 --> 00:43:17.860 In. 1549 00:43:17.900 --> 00:43:18.020 This. 1550 00:43:18.020 --> 00:43:18.280 Room. 1551 00:43:18.360 --> 00:43:18.640 In. 1552 00:43:18.660 --> 00:43:18.760 A. 1553 00:43:18.760 --> 00:43:18.880 Sense. 1554 00:43:18.900 --> 00:43:19.060 Bear. 1555 00:43:19.200 --> 00:43:19.480 Witness. 1556 00:43:19.660 --> 00:43:19.940 To. 1557 00:43:20.260 --> 00:43:20.580 The. 1558 00:43:20.760 --> 00:43:21.080 Mobility. 1559 00:43:21.300 --> 00:43:21.620 The. 1560 00:43:22.380 --> 00:43:22.700 Multiple. 1561 00:43:23.560 --> 00:43:23.880 Identities. 1562 00:43:24.120 --> 00:43:24.440 Of. 1563 00:43:24.520 --> 00:43:24.840 Modern. 1564 00:43:25.160 --> 00:43:25.480 Femininity. 1565 00:43:26.360 --> 00:43:26.680 It. 1566 00:43:26.740 --> 00:43:27.000 Hasn't. 1567 00:43:27.040 --> 00:43:27.240 Got. 1568 00:43:27.480 --> 00:43:27.800 That. 1569 00:43:28.420 --> 00:43:28.740 It. 1570 00:43:28.800 --> 00:43:28.920 Seems. 1571 00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:29.120 To. 1572 00:43:29.140 --> 00:43:29.260 Me. 1573 00:43:29.380 --> 00:43:29.700 Anyway. 1574 00:43:30.460 --> 00:43:30.780 That. 1575 00:43:31.080 --> 00:43:31.400 Anxiety. 1576 00:43:32.080 --> 00:43:32.400 About. 1577 00:43:33.060 --> 00:43:33.380 Inhabiting. 1578 00:43:33.380 --> 00:43:33.540 A. 1579 00:43:33.560 --> 00:43:33.720 Kind. 1580 00:43:33.740 --> 00:43:33.820 Of. 1581 00:43:33.880 --> 00:43:34.200 Gender. 1582 00:43:34.260 --> 00:43:34.460 That. 1583 00:43:48.760 --> 00:43:48.900 Is. 1584 00:43:48.940 --> 00:43:49.220 Of. 1585 00:43:49.300 --> 00:43:49.480 Women. 1586 00:43:50.500 --> 00:43:50.780 Also. 1587 00:43:50.980 --> 00:43:51.180 Of. 1588 00:43:51.280 --> 00:43:51.560 Course. 1589 00:43:51.680 --> 00:43:51.960 Women. 1590 00:43:52.200 --> 00:43:52.480 Inhabit. 1591 00:43:52.480 --> 00:43:52.640 A. 1592 00:43:52.700 --> 00:43:52.860 World. 1593 00:43:52.980 --> 00:43:53.140 That. 1594 00:43:53.180 --> 00:43:53.280 Is. 1595 00:43:53.280 --> 00:43:53.520 Full. 1596 00:43:53.640 --> 00:43:53.880 Of. 1597 00:43:53.920 --> 00:43:54.060 Men. 1598 00:43:54.740 --> 00:43:55.020 First. 1599 00:43:55.140 --> 00:43:55.260 Of. 1600 00:43:55.300 --> 00:43:55.360 All. 1601 00:43:55.380 --> 00:43:55.480 Their. 1602 00:43:55.560 --> 00:43:55.820 Families. 1603 00:43:56.000 --> 00:43:56.260 And. 1604 00:43:56.340 --> 00:43:56.420 Their. 1605 00:43:56.640 --> 00:43:56.920 Communities. 1606 00:43:57.380 --> 00:43:57.660 And. 1607 00:43:59.760 --> 00:44:00.040 Increasingly. 1608 00:44:00.240 --> 00:44:00.520 The. 1609 00:44:00.700 --> 00:44:00.980 World. 1610 00:44:01.180 --> 00:44:01.460 Of. 1611 00:44:01.760 --> 00:44:01.980 Men. 1612 00:44:04.480 --> 00:44:04.700 And. 1613 00:44:04.860 --> 00:44:05.080 And. 1614 00:44:05.260 --> 00:44:05.440 Women. 1615 00:44:05.800 --> 00:44:06.020 So. 1616 00:44:06.140 --> 00:44:06.180 I. 1617 00:44:06.340 --> 00:44:06.420 Know. 1618 00:44:06.520 --> 00:44:06.720 That. 1619 00:44:08.440 --> 00:44:08.660 I. 1620 00:44:09.380 --> 00:44:09.420 Don't. 1621 00:44:09.480 --> 00:44:09.540 Know. 1622 00:44:09.600 --> 00:44:09.640 That. 1623 00:44:09.720 --> 00:44:09.740 Men. 1624 00:44:09.880 --> 00:44:09.920 And. 1625 00:44:09.960 --> 00:44:10.060 Women. 1626 00:44:10.100 --> 00:44:10.220 Are. 1627 00:44:10.380 --> 00:44:10.600 Interested. 1628 00:44:10.620 --> 00:44:10.760 In. 1629 00:44:10.780 --> 00:44:10.860 The. 1630 00:44:10.940 --> 00:44:11.000 Same. 1631 00:44:11.340 --> 00:44:11.560 Kind. 1632 00:44:11.780 --> 00:44:12.000 Of. 1633 00:44:12.260 --> 00:44:12.480 Highly. 1634 00:44:12.980 --> 00:44:13.200 Gendered. 1635 00:44:15.520 --> 00:44:15.740 Stuff. 1636 00:44:17.700 --> 00:44:17.920 The. 1637 00:44:31.120 --> 00:44:31.340 Center. 1638 00:44:31.340 --> 00:44:31.540 Of. 1639 00:44:31.980 --> 00:44:32.340 Both. 1640 00:44:32.600 --> 00:44:32.860 My. 1641 00:44:32.980 --> 00:44:33.340 Father. 1642 00:44:33.480 --> 00:44:33.740 And. 1643 00:44:33.780 --> 00:44:34.000 My. 1644 00:44:34.020 --> 00:44:34.360 Husband. 1645 00:44:35.640 --> 00:44:36.000 Have. 1646 00:44:36.100 --> 00:44:36.280 Held. 1647 00:44:36.320 --> 00:44:36.500 Very. 1648 00:44:36.620 --> 00:44:36.900 Special. 1649 00:44:37.080 --> 00:44:37.440 Places. 1650 00:44:37.440 --> 00:44:37.680 In. 1651 00:44:37.720 --> 00:44:37.880 My. 1652 00:44:37.960 --> 00:44:38.320 Life. 1653 00:44:39.020 --> 00:44:39.380 And. 1654 00:44:39.440 --> 00:44:39.520 There. 1655 00:44:39.580 --> 00:44:39.760 Seems. 1656 00:44:39.900 --> 00:44:40.020 To. 1657 00:44:40.040 --> 00:44:40.200 Be. 1658 00:44:40.280 --> 00:44:40.640 An. 1659 00:44:41.340 --> 00:44:41.700 Antagonism. 1660 00:44:42.780 --> 00:44:43.140 Now. 1661 00:44:43.280 --> 00:44:43.640 Between. 1662 00:44:43.780 --> 00:44:44.060 Men. 1663 00:44:44.160 --> 00:44:44.340 And. 1664 00:44:44.360 --> 00:44:44.620 Women. 1665 00:44:45.160 --> 00:44:45.480 I. 1666 00:44:45.600 --> 00:44:45.720 Really. 1667 00:44:45.820 --> 00:44:46.080 Don't. 1668 00:44:46.320 --> 00:44:46.640 Understand. 1669 00:44:47.580 --> 00:44:47.900 Why. 1670 00:44:48.180 --> 00:44:48.420 Or. 1671 00:44:48.500 --> 00:44:48.700 Where. 1672 00:44:48.760 --> 00:44:48.820 It. 1673 00:44:48.900 --> 00:44:48.920 Has. 1674 00:44:49.020 --> 00:44:49.240 Come. 1675 00:44:49.300 --> 00:44:49.620 From. 1676 00:44:50.020 --> 00:44:50.340 Could. 1677 00:44:50.460 --> 00:44:50.500 You. 1678 00:44:50.560 --> 00:44:50.780 Comment. 1679 00:44:50.860 --> 00:44:51.100 On. 1680 00:44:51.180 --> 00:44:51.280 That. 1681 00:44:51.420 --> 00:44:51.700 Place. 1682 00:44:54.360 --> 00:44:54.680 That's. 1683 00:44:54.680 --> 00:44:54.700 A. 1684 00:44:54.820 --> 00:44:54.880 Really. 1685 00:44:54.980 --> 00:44:55.240 Interesting. 1686 00:44:55.360 --> 00:44:55.660 Question. 1687 00:44:55.980 --> 00:44:56.300 Because. 1688 00:44:58.240 --> 00:44:58.560 I. 1689 00:44:58.720 --> 00:44:59.040 Wonder. 1690 00:44:59.120 --> 00:44:59.320 Whether. 1691 00:44:59.440 --> 00:44:59.660 We. 1692 00:44:59.660 --> 00:44:59.940 We've. 1693 00:45:00.160 --> 00:45:00.480 Assumed. 1694 00:45:01.740 --> 00:45:02.060 That. 1695 00:45:14.720 --> 00:45:14.920 There. 1696 00:45:15.360 --> 00:45:15.560 Between. 1697 00:45:15.640 --> 00:45:15.840 Men. 1698 00:45:15.900 --> 00:45:15.960 And. 1699 00:45:16.020 --> 00:45:16.180 Women. 1700 00:45:16.540 --> 00:45:16.740 And. 1701 00:45:16.820 --> 00:45:16.880 I. 1702 00:45:16.900 --> 00:45:17.020 Don't. 1703 00:45:17.060 --> 00:45:17.260 Think. 1704 00:45:17.280 --> 00:45:17.380 It. 1705 00:45:17.420 --> 00:45:17.460 Was. 1706 00:45:17.540 --> 00:45:17.680 Ever. 1707 00:45:17.860 --> 00:45:18.060 Thus. 1708 00:45:20.300 --> 00:45:20.500 For. 1709 00:45:20.580 --> 00:45:20.620 A. 1710 00:45:20.700 --> 00:45:20.860 Start. 1711 00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:21.200 Off. 1712 00:45:22.080 --> 00:45:22.280 The. 1713 00:45:22.660 --> 00:45:22.860 Kind. 1714 00:45:23.120 --> 00:45:23.240 Of. 1715 00:45:23.480 --> 00:45:23.680 The. 1716 00:45:23.900 --> 00:45:24.100 Landscape. 1717 00:45:24.180 --> 00:45:24.320 That. 1718 00:45:24.360 --> 00:45:24.460 Was. 1719 00:45:24.580 --> 00:45:24.780 Described. 1720 00:45:24.960 --> 00:45:25.160 By. 1721 00:45:25.300 --> 00:45:25.500 Norman. 1722 00:45:25.500 --> 00:45:25.640 Dennis. 1723 00:45:25.820 --> 00:45:26.040 He. 1724 00:45:26.180 --> 00:45:26.240 Says. 1725 00:45:26.360 --> 00:45:26.460 Something. 1726 00:45:26.520 --> 00:45:26.740 Really. 1727 00:45:26.820 --> 00:45:27.160 Interesting. 1728 00:45:27.280 --> 00:45:27.540 He. 1729 00:45:27.640 --> 00:45:27.860 Says. 1730 00:45:27.900 --> 00:45:28.180 That. 1731 00:45:28.360 --> 00:45:28.800 The. 1732 00:45:28.920 --> 00:45:29.140 Fact. 1733 00:45:29.200 --> 00:45:29.560 That. 1734 00:45:29.960 --> 00:45:30.400 Women. 1735 00:45:30.800 --> 00:45:31.240 Are. 1736 00:45:31.400 --> 00:45:31.820 Confined. 1737 00:45:31.860 --> 00:45:32.220 To. 1738 00:45:32.380 --> 00:45:32.760 A. 1739 00:45:32.800 --> 00:45:33.160 Domestic. 1740 00:45:33.240 --> 00:45:33.660 Space. 1741 00:45:34.540 --> 00:45:34.980 Unpaid. 1742 00:45:36.080 --> 00:45:36.520 Unrecognized. 1743 00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:37.440 Unrewarded. 1744 00:45:37.480 --> 00:45:37.920 Is. 1745 00:45:37.980 --> 00:45:38.060 A. 1746 00:45:38.120 --> 00:45:38.440 Fact. 1747 00:45:38.460 --> 00:45:38.760 Of. 1748 00:45:38.800 --> 00:45:39.160 Nature. 1749 00:45:39.940 --> 00:45:40.380 Actually. 1750 00:45:40.740 --> 00:45:41.180 It's. 1751 00:45:41.180 --> 00:45:41.220 A. 1752 00:45:41.640 --> 00:45:41.800 Of. 1753 00:45:41.900 --> 00:45:41.960 A. 1754 00:45:42.300 --> 00:45:42.540 Huge. 1755 00:45:43.140 --> 00:45:43.380 Historic. 1756 00:45:43.740 --> 00:45:43.980 Struggle. 1757 00:45:44.380 --> 00:45:44.620 Between. 1758 00:45:44.780 --> 00:45:45.020 Genders. 1759 00:45:45.080 --> 00:45:45.160 I. 1760 00:45:45.300 --> 00:45:45.340 Know. 1761 00:45:45.380 --> 00:45:45.460 Whether. 1762 00:45:45.520 --> 00:45:45.600 You're. 1763 00:45:45.720 --> 00:45:45.960 Familiar. 1764 00:45:46.020 --> 00:45:46.200 With. 1765 00:45:46.340 --> 00:45:46.580 A. 1766 00:45:46.620 --> 00:45:46.860 Wonderful. 1767 00:45:47.000 --> 00:45:47.200 Book. 1768 00:45:47.360 --> 00:45:47.600 Here. 1769 00:45:48.620 --> 00:45:48.860 By. 1770 00:45:49.660 --> 00:45:49.900 An. 1771 00:45:50.020 --> 00:45:50.260 English. 1772 00:45:50.500 --> 00:45:50.740 No. 1773 00:45:50.780 --> 00:45:50.900 She's. 1774 00:45:50.960 --> 00:45:51.200 Canadian. 1775 00:45:51.340 --> 00:45:51.540 Actually. 1776 00:45:51.620 --> 00:45:51.780 But. 1777 00:45:52.600 --> 00:45:52.840 Feminist. 1778 00:45:53.240 --> 00:45:53.440 Historian. 1779 00:45:54.320 --> 00:45:54.520 Called. 1780 00:45:54.800 --> 00:45:55.000 Barbara. 1781 00:45:55.160 --> 00:45:55.360 Taylor. 1782 00:45:55.460 --> 00:45:55.540 Who. 1783 00:45:55.620 --> 00:45:55.760 Wrote. 1784 00:45:55.840 --> 00:45:55.920 A. 1785 00:45:56.000 --> 00:45:56.180 Book. 1786 00:45:56.720 --> 00:45:56.920 Called. 1787 00:45:57.160 --> 00:45:57.360 Eve. 1788 00:45:57.420 --> 00:45:57.620 And. 1789 00:45:57.660 --> 00:45:57.760 The. 1790 00:45:57.780 --> 00:45:57.940 New. 1791 00:45:58.200 --> 00:45:58.400 Jerusalem. 1792 00:45:59.480 --> 00:45:59.680 It's. 1793 00:45:59.720 --> 00:45:59.780 A. 1794 00:45:59.800 --> 00:45:59.900 Book. 1795 00:45:59.960 --> 00:46:00.120 Which. 1796 00:46:00.240 --> 00:46:00.440 Kind. 1797 00:46:00.500 --> 00:46:00.560 Of. 1798 00:46:01.180 --> 00:46:01.380 Parallels. 1799 00:46:02.220 --> 00:46:02.420 Shadows. 1800 00:46:02.620 --> 00:46:02.820 The. 1801 00:46:02.940 --> 00:46:03.140 History. 1802 00:46:03.380 --> 00:46:03.580 Of. 1803 00:46:03.840 --> 00:46:04.040 The. 1804 00:46:04.200 --> 00:46:04.400 Making. 1805 00:46:04.500 --> 00:46:04.640 Of. 1806 00:46:04.660 --> 00:46:04.740 The. 1807 00:46:04.740 --> 00:46:04.840 English. 1808 00:46:05.020 --> 00:46:05.260 Working. 1809 00:46:05.340 --> 00:46:05.580 Class. 1810 00:46:05.740 --> 00:46:05.980 Written. 1811 00:46:06.140 --> 00:46:06.380 By. 1812 00:46:06.380 --> 00:46:06.780 E.P. 1813 00:46:06.840 --> 00:46:07.080 Thompson. 1814 00:46:07.660 --> 00:46:07.900 And. 1815 00:46:08.020 --> 00:46:08.060 One. 1816 00:46:08.140 --> 00:46:08.160 Of. 1817 00:46:08.180 --> 00:46:08.200 The. 1818 00:46:08.340 --> 00:46:08.360 Things. 1819 00:46:08.480 --> 00:46:08.540 That. 1820 00:46:08.600 --> 00:46:08.640 She. 1821 00:46:09.280 --> 00:46:09.520 Demonstrates. 1822 00:46:10.060 --> 00:46:10.300 Is. 1823 00:46:10.360 --> 00:46:10.480 That. 1824 00:46:10.520 --> 00:46:10.700 This. 1825 00:46:11.600 --> 00:46:11.840 Polarized. 1826 00:46:11.940 --> 00:46:12.180 Local. 1827 00:46:12.480 --> 00:46:12.720 Economy. 1828 00:46:13.540 --> 00:46:13.780 That. 1829 00:46:13.860 --> 00:46:13.940 We've. 1830 00:46:14.100 --> 00:46:14.340 Described. 1831 00:46:14.520 --> 00:46:14.740 In. 1832 00:46:14.760 --> 00:46:14.960 Which. 1833 00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:15.120 You. 1834 00:46:15.160 --> 00:46:15.240 Know. 1835 00:46:15.460 --> 00:46:15.700 Men. 1836 00:46:15.700 --> 00:46:16.260 Inhabit. 1837 00:46:16.260 --> 00:46:16.420 A. 1838 00:46:16.500 --> 00:46:16.680 Public. 1839 00:46:16.860 --> 00:46:17.000 And. 1840 00:46:17.160 --> 00:46:17.480 Paid. 1841 00:46:17.640 --> 00:46:17.960 World. 1842 00:46:18.180 --> 00:46:18.340 And. 1843 00:46:18.440 --> 00:46:18.600 Women. 1844 00:46:18.760 --> 00:46:19.080 Inhabit. 1845 00:46:19.080 --> 00:46:19.320 An. 1846 00:46:19.460 --> 00:46:19.780 Unpaid. 1847 00:46:19.820 --> 00:46:19.960 And. 1848 00:46:20.020 --> 00:46:20.340 Private. 1849 00:46:20.460 --> 00:46:20.780 World. 1850 00:46:21.380 --> 00:46:21.700 Is. 1851 00:46:21.780 --> 00:46:21.880 The. 1852 00:46:22.040 --> 00:46:22.360 Outcome. 1853 00:46:22.400 --> 00:46:22.600 Of. 1854 00:46:22.640 --> 00:46:22.700 A. 1855 00:46:22.780 --> 00:46:23.000 Bitter. 1856 00:46:23.380 --> 00:46:23.700 Historic. 1857 00:46:24.100 --> 00:46:24.420 Contest. 1858 00:46:24.580 --> 00:46:24.900 Between. 1859 00:46:24.960 --> 00:46:25.220 Men. 1860 00:46:25.220 --> 00:46:25.340 And. 1861 00:46:25.380 --> 00:46:25.560 Women. 1862 00:46:26.220 --> 00:46:26.540 In. 1863 00:46:26.660 --> 00:46:26.900 Britain. 1864 00:46:27.240 --> 00:46:27.560 In. 1865 00:46:27.560 --> 00:46:27.780 The. 1866 00:46:27.840 --> 00:46:28.100 Early. 1867 00:46:28.480 --> 00:46:28.840 Nineteenth. 1868 00:46:28.940 --> 00:46:29.260 Century. 1869 00:46:29.840 --> 00:46:30.200 The. 1870 00:46:30.260 --> 00:46:30.540 Outcome. 1871 00:46:30.620 --> 00:46:30.720 Of. 1872 00:46:30.760 --> 00:46:30.980 Which. 1873 00:46:31.020 --> 00:46:31.240 Was. 1874 00:46:31.280 --> 00:46:31.460 That. 1875 00:46:31.480 --> 00:46:31.620 Women. 1876 00:46:31.740 --> 00:46:31.980 Were. 1877 00:46:32.300 --> 00:46:32.660 Defeated. 1878 00:46:32.700 --> 00:46:32.900 So. 1879 00:46:32.960 --> 00:46:33.140 There's. 1880 00:46:33.160 --> 00:46:33.460 Nothing. 1881 00:46:33.640 --> 00:46:34.000 As. 1882 00:46:34.100 --> 00:46:34.160 It. 1883 00:46:34.200 --> 00:46:34.360 Were. 1884 00:46:34.840 --> 00:46:35.200 Natural. 1885 00:46:36.300 --> 00:46:36.660 About. 1886 00:46:36.860 --> 00:46:37.100 That. 1887 00:46:37.620 --> 00:46:37.980 Domestic. 1888 00:46:38.420 --> 00:46:38.780 Confinement. 1889 00:46:39.240 --> 00:46:39.600 Of. 1890 00:46:40.160 --> 00:46:40.520 Women. 1891 00:46:40.780 --> 00:46:41.040 And. 1892 00:46:41.300 --> 00:46:41.660 Men's. 1893 00:46:41.860 --> 00:46:42.220 Inhabitation. 1894 00:46:42.220 --> 00:46:42.420 Of. 1895 00:46:42.480 --> 00:46:42.740 Public. 1896 00:46:42.780 --> 00:46:43.020 Space. 1897 00:46:43.100 --> 00:46:43.360 And. 1898 00:46:43.480 --> 00:46:43.540 That. 1899 00:46:43.620 --> 00:46:43.980 Means. 1900 00:46:44.160 --> 00:46:44.340 I. 1901 00:46:44.400 --> 00:46:44.560 Think. 1902 00:46:44.680 --> 00:46:45.040 That. 1903 00:46:45.120 --> 00:46:45.180 The. 1904 00:46:45.240 --> 00:46:45.580 Deal. 1905 00:46:45.600 --> 00:46:45.820 Between. 1906 00:46:45.920 --> 00:46:46.160 Men. 1907 00:46:46.260 --> 00:46:46.280 And. 1908 00:46:46.340 --> 00:46:46.540 Women. 1909 00:46:46.920 --> 00:46:47.280 Until. 1910 00:46:47.460 --> 00:46:47.720 Now. 1911 00:46:48.040 --> 00:46:48.400 Has. 1912 00:46:48.500 --> 00:46:48.840 Always. 1913 00:46:48.940 --> 00:46:49.300 Been. 1914 00:46:50.180 --> 00:46:50.540 Unsettled. 1915 00:46:51.560 --> 00:46:51.920 Unstable. 1916 00:46:52.760 --> 00:46:53.120 Restless. 1917 00:46:53.300 --> 00:46:53.620 And. 1918 00:46:53.700 --> 00:46:54.060 Anxious. 1919 00:46:54.440 --> 00:46:54.800 There. 1920 00:46:54.860 --> 00:46:54.980 Was. 1921 00:46:55.020 --> 00:46:55.200 Never. 1922 00:46:55.300 --> 00:46:55.600 Peace. 1923 00:46:56.420 --> 00:46:56.640 There. 1924 00:46:57.240 --> 00:46:57.460 Could. 1925 00:46:57.560 --> 00:46:57.780 Never. 1926 00:46:57.820 --> 00:46:57.960 Be. 1927 00:46:58.140 --> 00:46:58.360 Peace. 1928 00:46:58.720 --> 00:46:58.940 Between. 1929 00:46:59.060 --> 00:46:59.240 Men. 1930 00:46:59.320 --> 00:46:59.380 And. 1931 00:46:59.400 --> 00:46:59.560 Women. 1932 00:46:59.780 --> 00:47:00.000 If. 1933 00:47:00.180 --> 00:47:00.320 The. 1934 00:47:00.500 --> 00:47:00.720 Price. 1935 00:47:00.760 --> 00:47:00.960 Of. 1936 00:47:01.100 --> 00:47:01.320 Peace. 1937 00:47:01.900 --> 00:47:02.120 Was. 1938 00:47:02.840 --> 00:47:03.060 Women's. 1939 00:47:03.340 --> 00:47:03.560 Subordination. 1940 00:47:03.720 --> 00:47:03.940 To. 1941 00:47:03.960 --> 00:47:04.160 Men. 1942 00:47:05.600 --> 00:47:05.820 So. 1943 00:47:05.860 --> 00:47:05.920 It. 1944 00:47:05.980 --> 00:47:06.060 Seems. 1945 00:47:06.160 --> 00:47:06.260 To. 1946 00:47:06.280 --> 00:47:06.360 Me. 1947 00:47:06.360 --> 00:47:06.480 That. 1948 00:47:06.520 --> 00:47:06.660 Something. 1949 00:47:06.800 --> 00:47:06.880 That. 1950 00:47:07.160 --> 00:47:07.380 Feels. 1951 00:47:07.940 --> 00:47:08.160 Disordered. 1952 00:47:08.160 --> 00:47:08.460 Feels. 1953 00:47:09.420 --> 00:47:09.740 Dangerous. 1954 00:47:10.360 --> 00:47:10.680 Feels. 1955 00:47:12.120 --> 00:47:12.440 Quarrelsome. 1956 00:47:14.000 --> 00:47:14.320 Is. 1957 00:47:14.420 --> 00:47:14.720 Actually. 1958 00:47:14.720 --> 00:47:14.920 About. 1959 00:47:14.960 --> 00:47:15.400 A. Healthy. 1960 00:47:15.640 --> 00:47:15.960 Attempt. 1961 00:47:15.980 --> 00:47:16.260 To. 1962 00:47:16.340 --> 00:47:16.660 Sort. 1963 00:47:16.940 --> 00:47:17.260 Something. 1964 00:47:17.340 --> 00:47:17.660 Out. 1965 00:47:17.980 --> 00:47:18.300 Between. 1966 00:47:18.340 --> 00:47:18.540 Men. 1967 00:47:18.580 --> 00:47:18.680 And. 1968 00:47:18.720 --> 00:47:18.880 Women. 1969 00:47:25.840 --> 00:47:26.160 Before. 1970 00:47:26.500 --> 00:47:26.700 I. 1971 00:47:26.760 --> 00:47:27.080 Take. 1972 00:47:27.220 --> 00:47:27.300 The. 1973 00:47:27.360 --> 00:47:27.520 Next. 1974 00:47:27.620 --> 00:47:27.940 Question. 1975 00:47:28.560 --> 00:47:28.880 Adelaide. 1976 00:47:28.920 --> 00:47:29.040 We. 1977 00:47:29.120 --> 00:47:29.320 Need. 1978 00:47:29.340 --> 00:47:29.560 More. 1979 00:47:30.100 --> 00:47:30.420 Interrogators. 1980 00:47:30.460 --> 00:47:30.720 Please. 1981 00:47:30.720 --> 00:47:30.840 Rush. 1982 00:47:31.080 --> 00:47:31.120 To. 1983 00:47:31.180 --> 00:47:31.240 The. 1984 00:47:31.620 --> 00:47:31.820 Microphones. 1985 00:47:33.500 --> 00:47:33.700 You. 1986 00:47:33.860 --> 00:47:34.060 Talked. 1987 00:47:34.100 --> 00:47:34.160 A. 1988 00:47:34.240 --> 00:47:34.280 Lot. 1989 00:47:34.320 --> 00:47:34.500 About. 1990 00:47:34.540 --> 00:47:34.740 Our. 1991 00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:35.200 Changing. 1992 00:47:35.640 --> 00:47:35.840 Communities. 1993 00:47:36.180 --> 00:47:36.380 And. 1994 00:47:36.420 --> 00:47:36.520 The. 1995 00:47:36.860 --> 00:47:37.060 Change. 1996 00:47:37.860 --> 00:47:38.060 In. 1997 00:47:38.080 --> 00:47:38.220 The. 1998 00:47:38.340 --> 00:47:38.540 Roles. 1999 00:47:38.600 --> 00:47:38.800 Of. 2000 00:47:39.500 --> 00:47:39.700 Men. 2001 00:47:39.900 --> 00:47:40.100 And. 2002 00:47:40.140 --> 00:47:40.340 Women. 2003 00:47:40.680 --> 00:47:40.880 In. 2004 00:47:40.920 --> 00:47:41.000 Our. 2005 00:47:41.260 --> 00:47:41.460 Society. 2006 00:47:42.360 --> 00:47:42.560 It. 2007 00:47:42.640 --> 00:47:42.740 Seems. 2008 00:47:42.800 --> 00:47:42.880 To. 2009 00:47:42.900 --> 00:47:42.960 Me. 2010 00:47:42.960 --> 00:47:43.120 That. 2011 00:47:43.120 --> 00:47:43.600 A. Question. 2012 00:47:44.060 --> 00:47:44.300 That. 2013 00:47:44.380 --> 00:47:44.600 Is. 2014 00:47:44.620 --> 00:47:44.800 Not. 2015 00:47:45.140 --> 00:47:45.380 Usually. 2016 00:47:45.980 --> 00:47:46.220 Asked. 2017 00:47:46.320 --> 00:47:46.560 And. 2018 00:47:46.620 --> 00:47:46.840 Needs. 2019 00:47:46.860 --> 00:47:46.980 To. 2020 00:47:47.000 --> 00:47:47.080 Be. 2021 00:47:47.220 --> 00:47:47.460 Asked. 2022 00:47:47.480 --> 00:47:47.580 Is. 2023 00:47:47.860 --> 00:47:48.100 How. 2024 00:47:48.280 --> 00:47:48.380 Do. 2025 00:47:48.500 --> 00:47:48.580 We. 2026 00:47:48.620 --> 00:47:48.860 Best. 2027 00:47:48.940 --> 00:47:49.180 Care. 2028 00:47:49.460 --> 00:47:49.700 For. 2029 00:47:49.760 --> 00:47:49.860 Our. 2030 00:47:50.020 --> 00:47:50.260 Children. 2031 00:47:50.600 --> 00:47:50.840 In. 2032 00:47:50.880 --> 00:47:50.940 Our. 2033 00:47:51.460 --> 00:47:51.700 Present. 2034 00:47:51.960 --> 00:47:52.200 Society. 2035 00:47:52.900 --> 00:47:53.140 That. 2036 00:47:53.180 --> 00:47:53.400 They. 2037 00:47:53.500 --> 00:47:53.720 Kind. 2038 00:47:53.760 --> 00:47:53.780 Of. 2039 00:47:53.780 --> 00:47:54.220 The. 2040 00:48:05.800 --> 00:48:06.260 Children. 2041 00:48:07.600 --> 00:48:08.060 Are. 2042 00:48:08.740 --> 00:48:09.200 Part. 2043 00:48:09.340 --> 00:48:09.400 Of. 2044 00:48:09.840 --> 00:48:10.300 Our. 2045 00:48:11.240 --> 00:48:11.700 And. 2046 00:48:11.700 --> 00:48:12.020 We. 2047 00:48:12.200 --> 00:48:12.660 Have. 2048 00:48:13.280 --> 00:48:13.740 Be. 2049 00:48:16.760 --> 00:48:17.220 In. 2050 00:48:17.360 --> 00:48:17.820 Our. 2051 00:48:17.980 --> 00:48:18.320 Have. 2052 00:48:18.400 --> 00:48:18.560 To. 2053 00:48:18.560 --> 00:48:18.680 Be. 2054 00:48:18.680 --> 00:48:18.800 In. 2055 00:48:18.900 --> 00:48:19.220 Society. 2056 00:48:19.420 --> 00:48:19.440 And. 2057 00:48:19.980 --> 00:48:20.440 We. 2058 00:48:20.460 --> 00:48:20.920 Have. 2059 00:48:21.260 --> 00:48:21.420 To. 2060 00:48:22.840 --> 00:48:23.300 Be. 2061 00:48:23.300 --> 00:48:23.520 Here. 2062 00:48:24.860 --> 00:48:25.140 You. 2063 00:48:25.240 --> 00:48:25.280 Are. 2064 00:48:25.400 --> 00:48:25.460 Also. 2065 00:48:25.640 --> 00:48:25.920 Banded. 2066 00:48:25.920 --> 00:48:26.140 As. 2067 00:48:26.300 --> 00:48:26.500 Told. 2068 00:48:26.640 --> 00:48:26.780 Your. 2069 00:48:26.840 --> 00:48:27.680 Old-Fashioned. 2070 00:48:28.820 --> 00:48:29.100 I'm. 2071 00:48:29.200 --> 00:48:29.280 Not. 2072 00:48:29.320 --> 00:48:29.540 Coming. 2073 00:48:29.660 --> 00:48:29.880 Down. 2074 00:48:29.920 --> 00:48:30.060 On. 2075 00:48:30.100 --> 00:48:30.300 Either. 2076 00:48:30.400 --> 00:48:30.680 Side. 2077 00:48:30.780 --> 00:48:30.940 I'm. 2078 00:48:31.000 --> 00:48:31.140 Just. 2079 00:48:31.220 --> 00:48:31.500 Asking. 2080 00:48:31.540 --> 00:48:31.700 The. 2081 00:48:31.780 --> 00:48:32.060 Question. 2082 00:48:32.480 --> 00:48:32.760 What. 2083 00:48:32.900 --> 00:48:33.100 Do. 2084 00:48:33.360 --> 00:48:33.640 Children. 2085 00:48:33.860 --> 00:48:34.140 Need. 2086 00:48:34.340 --> 00:48:34.620 I. 2087 00:48:34.700 --> 00:48:34.880 Grew. 2088 00:48:34.920 --> 00:48:35.020 Up. 2089 00:48:35.040 --> 00:48:35.220 During. 2090 00:48:35.220 --> 00:48:35.380 The. 2091 00:48:36.540 --> 00:48:36.780 In. 2092 00:48:36.940 --> 00:48:37.180 London. 2093 00:48:38.340 --> 00:48:38.580 And. 2094 00:48:38.700 --> 00:48:38.880 Spent. 2095 00:48:38.940 --> 00:48:39.020 A. 2096 00:48:39.140 --> 00:48:39.180 Of. 2097 00:48:39.240 --> 00:48:39.340 My. 2098 00:48:39.360 --> 00:48:39.540 Time. 2099 00:48:39.560 --> 00:48:39.700 In. 2100 00:48:39.740 --> 00:48:39.820 Air. 2101 00:48:39.880 --> 00:48:40.020 Aid. 2102 00:48:40.180 --> 00:48:40.420 Shelters. 2103 00:48:40.640 --> 00:48:40.880 While. 2104 00:48:40.940 --> 00:48:41.000 The. 2105 00:48:41.040 --> 00:48:41.280 Bombs. 2106 00:48:41.280 --> 00:48:41.480 Fell. 2107 00:48:41.940 --> 00:48:42.180 But. 2108 00:48:42.260 --> 00:48:42.440 I. 2109 00:48:42.640 --> 00:48:42.880 Felt. 2110 00:48:44.420 --> 00:48:44.660 Cherished. 2111 00:48:44.680 --> 00:48:44.860 As. 2112 00:48:44.900 --> 00:48:45.000 A. 2113 00:48:45.100 --> 00:48:45.340 Child. 2114 00:48:45.660 --> 00:48:45.900 I. 2115 00:48:45.960 --> 00:48:46.160 Felt. 2116 00:48:46.240 --> 00:48:46.480 That. 2117 00:48:46.480 --> 00:48:46.720 I. 2118 00:48:47.180 --> 00:48:47.380 Had. 2119 00:48:47.680 --> 00:48:47.740 A. 2120 00:48:47.900 --> 00:48:48.080 Family. 2121 00:48:48.240 --> 00:48:48.360 Who. 2122 00:48:48.440 --> 00:48:48.640 Looked. 2123 00:48:48.660 --> 00:48:48.860 After. 2124 00:48:48.940 --> 00:48:49.100 Me. 2125 00:48:49.360 --> 00:48:49.560 I. 2126 00:48:49.660 --> 00:48:49.760 Don't. 2127 00:48:49.780 --> 00:48:49.980 Ever. 2128 00:48:50.080 --> 00:48:50.280 Remember. 2129 00:48:50.360 --> 00:48:50.560 Being. 2130 00:48:51.020 --> 00:48:51.220 Frightened. 2131 00:48:51.800 --> 00:48:52.000 And. 2132 00:48:52.100 --> 00:48:52.160 I. 2133 00:48:52.340 --> 00:48:52.540 Suspect. 2134 00:48:52.580 --> 00:48:52.740 There. 2135 00:48:52.800 --> 00:48:52.840 Are. 2136 00:48:52.900 --> 00:48:52.940 A. 2137 00:48:53.040 --> 00:48:53.060 Lot. 2138 00:48:53.080 --> 00:48:53.160 Of. 2139 00:48:53.400 --> 00:48:53.600 Frightened. 2140 00:48:53.720 --> 00:48:53.920 Children. 2141 00:48:54.000 --> 00:48:54.200 Around. 2142 00:48:54.380 --> 00:48:54.580 Today. 2143 00:48:54.720 --> 00:48:54.920 And. 2144 00:48:54.960 --> 00:48:55.040 It. 2145 00:48:55.240 --> 00:48:55.440 Worries. 2146 00:48:55.440 --> 00:48:55.680 Me. 2147 00:48:56.080 --> 00:48:56.240 Terribly. 2148 00:48:56.760 --> 00:48:56.920 Would. 2149 00:48:57.020 --> 00:48:57.040 You. 2150 00:48:57.100 --> 00:48:57.160 Like. 2151 00:48:57.200 --> 00:48:57.280 To. 2152 00:48:57.360 --> 00:48:57.520 Comment. 2153 00:48:57.600 --> 00:48:57.760 On. 2154 00:48:57.820 --> 00:48:57.980 That. 2155 00:49:02.500 --> 00:49:02.660 The. 2156 00:49:02.840 --> 00:49:02.860 Kind. 2157 00:49:02.980 --> 00:49:03.000 Of. 2158 00:49:03.120 --> 00:49:03.280 Picture. 2159 00:49:03.520 --> 00:49:03.680 That. 2160 00:49:05.080 --> 00:49:05.240 Came. 2161 00:49:05.440 --> 00:49:05.540 To. 2162 00:49:05.760 --> 00:49:05.920 Mind. 2163 00:49:06.020 --> 00:49:06.180 As. 2164 00:49:06.280 --> 00:49:06.320 You. 2165 00:49:06.380 --> 00:49:06.460 Were. 2166 00:49:06.560 --> 00:49:06.720 Asking. 2167 00:49:06.740 --> 00:49:06.880 The. 2168 00:49:07.060 --> 00:49:07.220 Question. 2169 00:49:08.200 --> 00:49:08.360 I. 2170 00:49:08.480 --> 00:49:08.500 Know. 2171 00:49:08.600 --> 00:49:08.680 What. 2172 00:49:08.700 --> 00:49:08.760 You. 2173 00:49:08.980 --> 00:49:09.140 Mean. 2174 00:49:12.120 --> 00:49:12.280 In. 2175 00:49:12.400 --> 00:49:12.460 Terms. 2176 00:49:12.480 --> 00:49:12.540 Of. 2177 00:49:12.800 --> 00:49:13.000 Animates. 2178 00:49:13.020 --> 00:49:13.180 The. 2179 00:49:13.280 --> 00:49:13.480 Question. 2180 00:49:13.840 --> 00:49:14.040 But. 2181 00:49:14.100 --> 00:49:14.380 The. Picture. 2182 00:49:14.440 --> 00:49:14.500 That. 2183 00:49:14.580 --> 00:49:14.640 Came. 2184 00:49:14.740 --> 00:49:14.880 To. 2185 00:49:14.880 --> 00:49:15.060 Mind. 2186 00:49:15.220 --> 00:49:15.420 Was. 2187 00:49:15.500 --> 00:49:15.700 Was. 2188 00:49:15.760 --> 00:49:15.840 A. 2189 00:49:16.080 --> 00:49:16.280 Notion. 2190 00:49:16.580 --> 00:49:16.780 That. 2191 00:49:19.780 --> 00:49:19.980 Describes. 2192 00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:20.100 The. 2193 00:49:20.160 --> 00:49:20.260 Kind. 2194 00:49:20.300 --> 00:49:20.400 Of. 2195 00:49:20.520 --> 00:49:20.720 Neighborhood. 2196 00:49:20.780 --> 00:49:20.880 That. 2197 00:49:20.940 --> 00:49:21.020 I. 2198 00:49:21.060 --> 00:49:21.220 Grew. 2199 00:49:21.240 --> 00:49:21.420 Up. 2200 00:49:21.440 --> 00:49:21.580 In. 2201 00:49:21.900 --> 00:49:22.100 Myself. 2202 00:49:23.560 --> 00:49:23.800 Something. 2203 00:49:23.940 --> 00:49:24.100 Like. 2204 00:49:24.180 --> 00:49:24.320 Me. 2205 00:49:24.440 --> 00:49:24.680 Would. 2206 00:49:24.820 --> 00:49:25.060 Be. 2207 00:49:25.480 --> 00:49:25.720 Testament. 2208 00:49:25.900 --> 00:49:26.100 To. 2209 00:49:26.140 --> 00:49:26.220 The. 2210 00:49:26.660 --> 00:49:26.900 Triumphs. 2211 00:49:27.040 --> 00:49:27.280 Of. 2212 00:49:27.400 --> 00:49:27.640 The. 2213 00:49:27.960 --> 00:49:28.200 Settlement. 2214 00:49:28.320 --> 00:49:28.560 Of. 2215 00:49:29.000 --> 00:49:29.240 1945. 2216 00:49:29.460 --> 00:49:29.680 And. 2217 00:49:29.700 --> 00:49:29.760 The. 2218 00:49:29.860 --> 00:49:30.100 Creation. 2219 00:49:30.260 --> 00:49:30.500 Of. 2220 00:49:30.580 --> 00:49:30.820 The. 2221 00:49:30.940 --> 00:49:31.180 Welfare. 2222 00:49:31.180 --> 00:49:31.400 State. 2223 00:49:31.560 --> 00:49:31.800 I. 2224 00:49:31.900 --> 00:49:32.040 Grew. 2225 00:49:32.120 --> 00:49:32.220 Up. 2226 00:49:32.280 --> 00:49:32.520 In. 2227 00:49:32.620 --> 00:49:32.860 A. 2228 00:49:32.940 --> 00:49:33.000 House. 2229 00:49:33.120 --> 00:49:33.220 That. 2230 00:49:33.240 --> 00:49:33.360 Was. 2231 00:49:33.360 --> 00:49:33.560 Built. 2232 00:49:33.720 --> 00:49:33.920 It. 2233 00:49:34.100 --> 00:49:34.140 A. 2234 00:49:34.200 --> 00:49:34.400 Bevan. 2235 00:49:34.460 --> 00:49:34.660 House. 2236 00:49:34.820 --> 00:49:34.940 As. 2237 00:49:34.980 --> 00:49:35.040 They. 2238 00:49:35.080 --> 00:49:35.160 Were. 2239 00:49:35.320 --> 00:49:35.520 Called. 2240 00:49:35.880 --> 00:49:36.080 In. 2241 00:49:36.420 --> 00:49:36.620 1950. 2242 00:49:37.520 --> 00:49:37.720 We. 2243 00:49:37.860 --> 00:49:38.060 Moved. 2244 00:49:38.080 --> 00:49:38.260 In. 2245 00:49:38.320 --> 00:49:38.520 To. 2246 00:49:38.600 --> 00:49:38.640 This. 2247 00:49:38.740 --> 00:49:38.940 House. 2248 00:49:39.100 --> 00:49:39.300 And. 2249 00:49:40.400 --> 00:49:40.600 Had. 2250 00:49:40.720 --> 00:49:40.740 A. 2251 00:49:40.840 --> 00:49:40.860 Front. 2252 00:49:40.940 --> 00:49:41.040 And. 2253 00:49:41.120 --> 00:49:41.200 Back. 2254 00:49:41.460 --> 00:49:41.660 Garden. 2255 00:49:41.820 --> 00:49:42.020 And. 2256 00:49:42.180 --> 00:49:42.380 Built. 2257 00:49:42.460 --> 00:49:42.620 In. 2258 00:49:42.880 --> 00:49:43.080 Cupboards. 2259 00:49:43.500 --> 00:49:43.700 And. 2260 00:49:44.020 --> 00:49:44.220 There's. 2261 00:49:44.280 --> 00:49:44.340 A. 2262 00:49:44.540 --> 00:49:44.740 Fantasy. 2263 00:49:45.300 --> 00:49:45.500 Surrounds. 2264 00:49:45.800 --> 00:49:46.000 That. 2265 00:49:46.160 --> 00:49:46.360 Kind. 2266 00:49:46.380 --> 00:49:46.440 Of. 2267 00:49:46.720 --> 00:49:46.920 Landscape. 2268 00:49:47.040 --> 00:49:47.240 Which. 2269 00:49:47.320 --> 00:49:47.520 Is. 2270 00:49:47.560 --> 00:49:47.640 That. 2271 00:49:47.740 --> 00:49:47.800 The. 2272 00:49:47.940 --> 00:49:48.140 Back. 2273 00:49:48.160 --> 00:49:48.360 Door. 2274 00:49:48.520 --> 00:49:48.700 Was. 2275 00:49:48.800 --> 00:49:49.000 Always. 2276 00:49:49.140 --> 00:49:49.340 Open. 2277 00:49:50.860 --> 00:49:51.060 And. 2278 00:49:51.160 --> 00:49:51.200 The. 2279 00:49:51.240 --> 00:49:51.380 Reason. 2280 00:49:51.460 --> 00:49:51.520 Of. 2281 00:49:51.580 --> 00:49:51.680 Course. 2282 00:49:51.720 --> 00:49:51.800 The. 2283 00:49:51.880 --> 00:49:51.960 Back. 2284 00:49:52.000 --> 00:49:52.100 Door. 2285 00:49:52.180 --> 00:49:52.300 Was. 2286 00:49:52.320 --> 00:49:52.480 Always. 2287 00:49:54.840 --> 00:49:55.040 Open. 2288 00:49:55.400 --> 00:49:55.640 And. 2289 00:49:55.900 --> 00:49:56.140 A. 2290 00:49:56.260 --> 00:49:56.400 Mother. 2291 00:49:57.340 --> 00:49:57.580 My. 2292 00:49:57.620 --> 00:49:57.820 First. 2293 00:49:57.900 --> 00:49:58.080 Memory. 2294 00:49:58.820 --> 00:49:59.060 Is. 2295 00:49:59.140 --> 00:49:59.380 Of. 2296 00:49:59.460 --> 00:49:59.700 Sitting. 2297 00:49:59.800 --> 00:49:59.940 In. 2298 00:50:00.040 --> 00:50:00.140 What. 2299 00:50:00.200 --> 00:50:00.400 Became. 2300 00:50:00.480 --> 00:50:00.580 The. 2301 00:50:00.640 --> 00:50:00.780 Shoe. 2302 00:50:00.900 --> 00:50:01.140 Cupboard. 2303 00:50:01.400 --> 00:50:01.640 Of. 2304 00:50:01.680 --> 00:50:01.800 Our. 2305 00:50:01.900 --> 00:50:02.140 House. 2306 00:50:02.480 --> 00:50:02.720 With. 2307 00:50:02.780 --> 00:50:02.880 My. 2308 00:50:02.980 --> 00:50:03.220 Sister. 2309 00:50:03.520 --> 00:50:03.760 And. 2310 00:50:03.840 --> 00:50:03.900 My. 2311 00:50:04.020 --> 00:50:04.160 Mother. 2312 00:50:04.820 --> 00:50:05.060 In. 2313 00:50:05.180 --> 00:50:05.280 Her. 2314 00:50:05.520 --> 00:50:05.760 Place. 2315 00:50:05.860 --> 00:50:06.100 At. 2316 00:50:06.160 --> 00:50:06.260 The. 2317 00:50:06.260 --> 00:50:06.500 Sink. 2318 00:50:07.140 --> 00:50:07.380 Back. 2319 00:50:07.480 --> 00:50:07.600 Door. 2320 00:50:07.760 --> 00:50:08.000 Open. 2321 00:50:08.040 --> 00:50:08.180 And. 2322 00:50:08.260 --> 00:50:08.280 A. 2323 00:50:08.700 --> 00:50:08.940 Comes. 2324 00:50:08.940 --> 00:50:09.160 Sun. 2325 00:50:09.160 --> 00:50:09.260 In. 2326 00:50:09.260 --> 00:50:09.400 Bread. 2327 00:50:09.440 --> 00:50:09.540 Or. 2328 00:50:09.560 --> 00:50:09.700 Something. 2329 00:50:09.880 --> 00:50:10.120 Anyway. 2330 00:50:10.740 --> 00:50:10.980 Nothing. 2331 00:50:11.120 --> 00:50:11.360 Happened. 2332 00:50:11.400 --> 00:50:11.540 That. 2333 00:50:11.600 --> 00:50:11.720 Was. 2334 00:50:11.800 --> 00:50:12.040 The. 2335 00:50:12.200 --> 00:50:12.280 Of. 2336 00:50:12.680 --> 00:50:12.920 But. 2337 00:50:13.400 --> 00:50:13.640 It's. 2338 00:50:14.760 --> 00:50:15.000 And. 2339 00:50:15.100 --> 00:50:15.160 Of. 2340 00:50:15.220 --> 00:50:15.320 Course. 2341 00:50:15.400 --> 00:50:15.520 The. 2342 00:50:15.520 --> 00:50:15.800 Sun. 2343 00:50:16.280 --> 00:50:16.620 Shining. 2344 00:50:22.320 --> 00:50:22.660 Yes. 2345 00:50:24.920 --> 00:50:25.260 Now. 2346 00:50:27.020 --> 00:50:27.360 That. 2347 00:50:27.720 --> 00:50:28.060 Notion. 2348 00:50:28.320 --> 00:50:28.660 Of. 2349 00:50:28.940 --> 00:50:29.280 You. 2350 00:50:29.320 --> 00:50:29.360 Know. 2351 00:50:29.420 --> 00:50:29.480 The. 2352 00:50:29.580 --> 00:50:29.700 Back. 2353 00:50:29.700 --> 00:50:29.940 Door. 2354 00:50:30.060 --> 00:50:30.400 Always. 2355 00:50:30.400 --> 00:50:30.720 Open. 2356 00:50:30.860 --> 00:50:31.200 And. 2357 00:50:31.280 --> 00:50:31.420 Of. 2358 00:50:31.560 --> 00:50:31.900 Communities. 2359 00:50:31.940 --> 00:50:32.080 That. 2360 00:50:32.140 --> 00:50:32.220 Were. 2361 00:50:32.260 --> 00:50:32.500 Always. 2362 00:50:32.740 --> 00:50:33.080 Inhabited. 2363 00:50:33.360 --> 00:50:33.700 All. 2364 00:50:33.920 --> 00:50:34.060 Day. 2365 00:50:34.180 --> 00:50:34.480 Long. 2366 00:50:34.840 --> 00:50:35.180 By. 2367 00:50:35.260 --> 00:50:35.500 Women. 2368 00:50:35.520 --> 00:50:35.820 At. 2369 00:50:35.920 --> 00:50:36.060 The. 2370 00:50:36.100 --> 00:50:36.320 Sink. 2371 00:50:45.520 --> 00:50:45.600 No. 2372 00:50:45.600 --> 00:50:45.800 Doubt. 2373 00:50:45.800 --> 00:50:45.920 Had. 2374 00:50:46.020 --> 00:50:46.080 The. 2375 00:50:46.160 --> 00:50:46.400 Experience. 2376 00:50:46.480 --> 00:50:46.580 That. 2377 00:50:46.620 --> 00:50:46.660 You. 2378 00:50:46.780 --> 00:50:46.940 Did. 2379 00:50:47.160 --> 00:50:47.400 A. 2380 00:50:47.500 --> 00:50:47.540 Lovely. 2381 00:50:47.780 --> 00:50:48.020 Experience. 2382 00:50:48.100 --> 00:50:48.220 Of. 2383 00:50:48.260 --> 00:50:48.440 Being. 2384 00:50:48.480 --> 00:50:48.660 A. 2385 00:50:48.800 --> 00:50:48.940 Big. 2386 00:50:49.120 --> 00:50:49.360 Cherished. 2387 00:50:49.840 --> 00:50:50.080 However. 2388 00:50:50.180 --> 00:50:50.340 It. 2389 00:50:50.400 --> 00:50:50.640 Carries. 2390 00:50:50.700 --> 00:50:50.840 An. 2391 00:50:51.000 --> 00:50:51.240 Assumption. 2392 00:50:51.540 --> 00:50:51.780 That. 2393 00:50:51.840 --> 00:50:52.020 People. 2394 00:50:52.120 --> 00:50:52.260 Were. 2395 00:50:52.280 --> 00:50:52.520 That. 2396 00:50:52.620 --> 00:50:52.860 Children. 2397 00:50:53.040 --> 00:50:53.220 Were. 2398 00:50:53.800 --> 00:50:54.040 Parented. 2399 00:50:54.680 --> 00:50:54.920 Differently. 2400 00:50:54.920 --> 00:50:55.380 From. 2401 00:50:55.440 --> 00:50:55.500 The. 2402 00:50:55.700 --> 00:50:55.760 In. 2403 00:50:55.800 --> 00:50:55.860 Which. 2404 00:50:55.920 --> 00:50:56.000 They. 2405 00:50:56.020 --> 00:50:56.060 Are. 2406 00:50:56.340 --> 00:50:56.620 Parented. 2407 00:50:56.660 --> 00:50:56.940 Today. 2408 00:50:57.600 --> 00:50:57.880 Well. 2409 00:50:58.000 --> 00:50:58.200 The. 2410 00:50:58.340 --> 00:50:58.620 Research. 2411 00:50:58.800 --> 00:50:59.060 On. 2412 00:50:59.440 --> 00:50:59.720 Time. 2413 00:50:59.900 --> 00:51:00.180 Use. 2414 00:51:00.600 --> 00:51:00.880 Diaries. 2415 00:51:01.500 --> 00:51:01.780 By. 2416 00:51:01.880 --> 00:51:02.020 A. 2417 00:51:02.060 --> 00:51:02.220 Wonderful. 2418 00:51:02.440 --> 00:51:02.720 Outfit. 2419 00:51:02.840 --> 00:51:03.120 Called. 2420 00:51:03.240 --> 00:51:03.420 The. 2421 00:51:03.440 --> 00:51:03.700 Center. 2422 00:51:03.780 --> 00:51:03.920 For. 2423 00:51:04.020 --> 00:51:04.300 Micro. 2424 00:51:04.500 --> 00:51:04.780 Social. 2425 00:51:05.080 --> 00:51:05.360 Research. 2426 00:51:05.400 --> 00:51:05.680 At. 2427 00:51:05.800 --> 00:51:06.080 Essex. 2428 00:51:06.080 --> 00:51:06.540 Has. 2429 00:51:07.300 --> 00:51:07.380 Come. 2430 00:51:07.460 --> 00:51:07.500 Up. 2431 00:51:07.540 --> 00:51:07.600 With. 2432 00:51:07.800 --> 00:51:08.120 Completely. 2433 00:51:08.320 --> 00:51:08.640 Riveting. 2434 00:51:08.840 --> 00:51:09.160 Statistics. 2435 00:51:09.580 --> 00:51:09.900 About. 2436 00:51:10.040 --> 00:51:10.360 The. 2437 00:51:10.560 --> 00:51:10.880 Relationship. 2438 00:51:10.940 --> 00:51:11.260 Between. 2439 00:51:11.740 --> 00:51:12.060 Men. 2440 00:51:12.260 --> 00:51:12.520 Women. 2441 00:51:12.680 --> 00:51:12.860 And. 2442 00:51:12.900 --> 00:51:13.220 Children. 2443 00:51:13.480 --> 00:51:13.800 Across. 2444 00:51:14.080 --> 00:51:14.360 These. 2445 00:51:14.660 --> 00:51:14.980 Decades. 2446 00:51:16.100 --> 00:51:16.420 At. 2447 00:51:16.520 --> 00:51:16.580 The. 2448 00:51:16.600 --> 00:51:16.840 Beginning. 2449 00:51:16.900 --> 00:51:17.060 Of. 2450 00:51:17.100 --> 00:51:17.140 The. 2451 00:51:17.600 --> 00:51:17.920 1960s. 2452 00:51:17.920 --> 00:51:18.120 The. 2453 00:51:18.180 --> 00:51:18.500 End. 2454 00:51:18.540 --> 00:51:18.840 Of. 2455 00:51:18.900 --> 00:51:18.940 The. 2456 00:51:19.000 --> 00:51:19.200 Golden. 2457 00:51:19.300 --> 00:51:19.580 Era. 2458 00:51:36.080 --> 00:51:36.620 In. 2459 00:51:53.380 --> 00:51:54.780 foundational. 2460 00:51:56.760 --> 00:51:57.800 Social. 2461 00:52:04.460 --> 00:52:11.300 The culture of parenting and the relationship between adults and children has been transformed in the last three decades. 2462 00:52:11.580 --> 00:52:22.260 So that, for instance, what we now know about the kind of time that's spent with children by mothers who are full-time mothers, 2463 00:52:22.300 --> 00:52:28.640 as compared to mothers who are now also employed in the labour market mothers, is very interesting. 2464 00:52:28.640 --> 00:52:42.740 These days, the average full-time employed mother in Britain spends more dedicated time with her children than the average full-time homemaker of the 1950s. 2465 00:52:42.800 --> 00:52:47.880 And again, for reasons that we can all well understand, those of us who were parented in the 1950s. 2466 00:52:47.880 --> 00:52:49.720 Our mothers were very, very busy. 2467 00:52:51.400 --> 00:52:54.500 The culture of fathering, likewise, has been transformed. 2468 00:52:54.720 --> 00:52:58.560 I don't myself accept the argument that children are, these days, 2469 00:52:58.560 --> 00:53:00.980 is worse parented than they ever were. 2470 00:53:01.840 --> 00:53:06.200 Children are probably better fathered than they've ever been. 2471 00:53:07.100 --> 00:53:09.780 The assumption that children will be cared for 2472 00:53:09.780 --> 00:53:12.640 rather than merely controlled by their fathers 2473 00:53:12.640 --> 00:53:15.040 is an effect of the changing culture 2474 00:53:15.040 --> 00:53:19.500 and the changing expectation of companionship and care 2475 00:53:19.500 --> 00:53:21.320 amongst adults and children. 2476 00:53:22.680 --> 00:53:26.260 So I think that the portrait of family life 2477 00:53:26.860 --> 00:53:29.380 painted by the ever-open back door 2478 00:53:29.380 --> 00:53:33.160 isn't actually true to what life was really like for children. 2479 00:53:33.260 --> 00:53:34.620 I think children were bossed about. 2480 00:53:36.820 --> 00:53:38.260 Some may have been cherished, 2481 00:53:38.320 --> 00:53:39.980 but I think children were largely bossed about 2482 00:53:39.980 --> 00:53:43.020 and expected their parents to be more or less there, 2483 00:53:43.140 --> 00:53:44.680 but I don't think they particularly expected 2484 00:53:44.680 --> 00:53:46.920 that their parents would be their companions. 2485 00:53:49.800 --> 00:53:50.360 Sir? 2486 00:53:51.920 --> 00:53:54.880 Me, like many or most people here, 2487 00:53:55.020 --> 00:53:55.680 I've enjoyed... 2488 00:53:56.260 --> 00:53:57.960 hearing you on Late Night Live 2489 00:53:57.960 --> 00:54:02.060 with Philip over the months and year or two, 2490 00:54:02.180 --> 00:54:03.840 but I'm left curious. 2491 00:54:05.040 --> 00:54:08.000 Things aren't equally bad all round the world. 2492 00:54:08.140 --> 00:54:10.360 Are there countries where things are done better 2493 00:54:10.360 --> 00:54:13.980 and which countries would you, or societies, 2494 00:54:14.120 --> 00:54:22.940 would you name as where family life in this way is worst? 2495 00:54:23.220 --> 00:54:26.040 And what are the lessons that can be learned from that? 2496 00:54:26.260 --> 00:54:29.260 And that being a short question, can I... 2497 00:54:30.520 --> 00:54:32.600 Which requires an immense answer. 2498 00:54:32.660 --> 00:54:32.960 Yes. 2499 00:54:34.220 --> 00:54:36.260 Perhaps I'll leave it at that. Thank you. 2500 00:54:42.300 --> 00:54:43.240 I don't know. 2501 00:54:44.560 --> 00:54:46.200 I only know the place I live, 2502 00:54:46.340 --> 00:54:48.620 and I think there's something really interesting happening. 2503 00:54:48.860 --> 00:54:51.280 It may be desperate, it may be dangerous, 2504 00:54:51.580 --> 00:54:54.040 and it may be really difficult for lots of people. 2505 00:54:54.220 --> 00:54:56.160 However, in the midst of... 2506 00:54:56.260 --> 00:54:58.600 of this great tumult that I've been describing, 2507 00:54:58.800 --> 00:55:02.280 of the great tumult in civil society and in domestic life, 2508 00:55:02.380 --> 00:55:04.340 something really creative is happening. 2509 00:55:07.980 --> 00:55:09.920 I think this will be the final question. 2510 00:55:10.940 --> 00:55:12.300 I'm sorry. Yes. 2511 00:55:13.580 --> 00:55:17.220 Beatrix, could I ask you a bit about the government's initiatives 2512 00:55:17.220 --> 00:55:20.400 in England in the 60s and 70s, particularly in your part of the world, 2513 00:55:20.520 --> 00:55:24.000 to close down some of the old working class communities? 2514 00:55:24.200 --> 00:55:25.960 County Durham is the one that springs to mind. 2515 00:55:26.260 --> 00:55:30.620 And to create these new modern towns like Peterloo New Town. 2516 00:55:31.620 --> 00:55:32.940 What was the government thinking? 2517 00:55:34.240 --> 00:55:35.500 I'd be interested in your comments. 2518 00:55:38.600 --> 00:55:40.700 Well, it often wasn't thinking coherent thoughts, 2519 00:55:40.860 --> 00:55:43.760 although, you know, that wouldn't be unusual. 2520 00:55:44.020 --> 00:55:47.540 I mean, there are different trajectories for an answer. 2521 00:55:47.660 --> 00:55:50.400 One of the things that Britain does very well, 2522 00:55:50.420 --> 00:55:52.420 and I think probably Australia does it very well as well, 2523 00:55:53.140 --> 00:55:54.940 is the creation of... 2524 00:55:56.260 --> 00:55:57.500 not so much cities as suburbs. 2525 00:55:58.240 --> 00:56:00.840 And there's a terrifically potent ideology 2526 00:56:01.980 --> 00:56:07.800 in a lot of British theorising about urbanity and the city, 2527 00:56:07.920 --> 00:56:09.880 which recoils from the city, 2528 00:56:10.020 --> 00:56:13.960 and which assumes that the disgraceful working classes 2529 00:56:13.960 --> 00:56:18.540 will be improved if they're dispatched to the edge of the city, 2530 00:56:18.600 --> 00:56:23.620 to clean air, green fields, wide streets, tree-lined avenues, 2531 00:56:23.780 --> 00:56:24.720 and all the rest of it. 2532 00:56:24.800 --> 00:56:25.980 So the garden city, 2533 00:56:26.260 --> 00:56:26.960 and the suburb, 2534 00:56:26.960 --> 00:56:27.760 and the new town 2535 00:56:27.760 --> 00:56:34.040 were emblems of that tradition in urban planning. 2536 00:56:34.200 --> 00:56:38.180 I think there was also something that was less kind of coherent than that, 2537 00:56:38.260 --> 00:56:40.380 which animated some of those developments, 2538 00:56:40.600 --> 00:56:45.080 which was that it was a way of rebuilding wretched cities. 2539 00:56:45.840 --> 00:56:47.960 I live in a neighbourhood now, for instance, 2540 00:56:48.100 --> 00:56:52.680 that was a kind of emblematic Tyneside community, 2541 00:56:53.840 --> 00:56:56.000 which even in the 1970s, 2542 00:56:56.260 --> 00:56:57.940 didn't have, many of the houses there, 2543 00:56:58.040 --> 00:57:00.760 didn't have hot, running water. 2544 00:57:01.120 --> 00:57:03.100 It was actually a horrible place to live. 2545 00:57:04.060 --> 00:57:07.160 But there was a fantasy that, you know, everybody loved it. 2546 00:57:10.500 --> 00:57:12.640 I lied about the final question. 2547 00:57:14.620 --> 00:57:15.560 Thanks, Philip. 2548 00:57:17.560 --> 00:57:23.520 I think we have in Australia the equivalent of your ethical socialists, 2549 00:57:23.520 --> 00:57:24.680 I think you called them, 2550 00:57:26.260 --> 00:57:30.660 there was about a number of men within the Labor Party 2551 00:57:31.260 --> 00:57:36.480 who are claiming that Labor lost the last two elections federally 2552 00:57:36.480 --> 00:57:40.940 because the Labor Party had been seduced into following 2553 00:57:40.940 --> 00:57:43.300 that dreadful feminist agenda. 2554 00:57:43.800 --> 00:57:47.840 And because of that, they lost the election. 2555 00:57:48.800 --> 00:57:52.620 This is despite research showing there was no difference 2556 00:57:53.260 --> 00:57:55.820 between the way men and women voted. 2557 00:57:56.260 --> 00:57:57.360 in those elections. 2558 00:57:59.040 --> 00:58:02.620 Is there a similar feeling in the United Kingdom 2559 00:58:02.620 --> 00:58:06.600 that the feminists have seized the agenda 2560 00:58:07.360 --> 00:58:10.240 and are ruining things for everyone else? 2561 00:58:12.100 --> 00:58:13.940 Though, you know, as a feminist, 2562 00:58:14.020 --> 00:58:16.400 I can only say I wish they would. 2563 00:58:22.100 --> 00:58:24.260 Yeah, that's really interesting. 2564 00:58:24.260 --> 00:58:26.160 One of the things which characterizes 2565 00:58:26.160 --> 00:58:29.720 the spirit of new labor, 2566 00:58:30.440 --> 00:58:33.840 apart from the attempt to engage with 2567 00:58:33.840 --> 00:58:36.900 this quest for community that I've been describing, 2568 00:58:37.400 --> 00:58:41.440 is a real, is a positive and determined retreat 2569 00:58:41.440 --> 00:58:44.640 from an earlier phase of modernization. 2570 00:58:46.100 --> 00:58:48.400 A phase of modernization which was quite dramatic 2571 00:58:48.400 --> 00:58:50.080 in the British Labor Party in the, 2572 00:58:50.300 --> 00:58:52.440 well, actually in the 1980s. 2573 00:58:52.440 --> 00:58:54.000 It was somewhat later. 2574 00:58:54.260 --> 00:58:56.440 It was much more dramatic than in other parties of the left, 2575 00:58:57.020 --> 00:59:01.360 which were shook up by feminism earlier in the 1970s. 2576 00:59:01.420 --> 00:59:03.720 What happened in the 1980s, 2577 00:59:03.720 --> 00:59:06.540 and I imagine that many of you will have been familiar with, 2578 00:59:06.580 --> 00:59:09.960 the Greater London Council and Ken Livingstone 2579 00:59:09.960 --> 00:59:11.180 and all of that stuff. 2580 00:59:11.400 --> 00:59:13.240 Well, one of the things that was very important about that 2581 00:59:13.240 --> 00:59:18.280 was that, certainly within the great metropolitan cities, 2582 00:59:18.920 --> 00:59:22.100 labor engaged in a quest to find, if you like, 2583 00:59:22.220 --> 00:59:23.080 a new constituency, 2584 00:59:23.620 --> 00:59:24.240 to take over. 2585 00:59:24.240 --> 00:59:26.080 To transcend the limits of class 2586 00:59:26.080 --> 00:59:31.120 and to connect with citizens as not simply members of a class, 2587 00:59:31.440 --> 00:59:35.080 but also members of ethnic communities, of genders, 2588 00:59:35.200 --> 00:59:38.500 people with all sorts of issues and identities, 2589 00:59:39.020 --> 00:59:41.080 a multiplicity of issues and identities. 2590 00:59:41.420 --> 00:59:43.980 Now, that moment of modernization was experienced 2591 00:59:43.980 --> 00:59:46.660 as very creative, kind of dangerous, 2592 00:59:48.680 --> 00:59:49.440 but very interesting. 2593 00:59:49.520 --> 00:59:52.580 And despite the fact that the Greater London Council, 2594 00:59:52.660 --> 00:59:53.840 well, as you know, was abolished, 2595 00:59:53.840 --> 00:59:56.380 and despite the fact that Ken Livingstone was regarded 2596 00:59:57.280 --> 00:59:58.280 as a heinous person, 2597 00:59:59.200 --> 01:00:00.680 he, in local opinion polls, 2598 01:00:00.840 --> 01:00:03.300 would come second only to the Pope in popularity. 2599 01:00:03.820 --> 01:00:07.100 So there was something very interesting about the attempt 2600 01:00:08.400 --> 01:00:12.980 to create a new social base for laborism in the 1980s. 2601 01:00:13.000 --> 01:00:15.820 And of course, it connected with the experience 2602 01:00:15.820 --> 01:00:17.240 of black people in the cities 2603 01:00:17.840 --> 01:00:20.140 and claimed to represent their experience in Britain, 2604 01:00:20.240 --> 01:00:22.480 and crucially connected with women. 2605 01:00:22.480 --> 01:00:27.220 But there were all sorts of very cheeky ways of kind of trying 2606 01:00:27.220 --> 01:00:30.140 to denigrate what that new kind of conversation, 2607 01:00:30.400 --> 01:00:31.740 that new dialogue was all about. 2608 01:00:31.840 --> 01:00:35.040 So it came to be symbolized in the term loony, 2609 01:00:35.040 --> 01:00:37.040 lefty lesbians in the council, 2610 01:00:38.540 --> 01:00:40.940 as if there was something disgraceful about connecting 2611 01:00:40.940 --> 01:00:44.000 with loony, lefty lesbians who were, in my experience, 2612 01:00:44.100 --> 01:00:45.320 generally speaking, delightful. 2613 01:00:49.780 --> 01:00:52.400 However, Blairism and New Labour represented 2614 01:00:52.480 --> 01:00:56.180 a definite retreat from that moment, 2615 01:00:56.360 --> 01:01:00.800 precisely because it was felt that all of those endeavors 2616 01:01:00.800 --> 01:01:06.520 in the 1980s led to the endless defeats of Labour 2617 01:01:06.520 --> 01:01:08.940 in general elections in the 1980s. 2618 01:01:09.040 --> 01:01:12.160 And there was a sense that what they had to do was, 2619 01:01:12.180 --> 01:01:13.680 if you like, to reconnect with, 2620 01:01:15.100 --> 01:01:17.040 well, what they did was to reconnect with something 2621 01:01:17.040 --> 01:01:18.880 that they'd never connected with before, they thought, 2622 01:01:19.080 --> 01:01:20.300 which was middle England. 2623 01:01:21.220 --> 01:01:24.620 But what in fact that amounts to is a very traditionalist notion 2624 01:01:24.620 --> 01:01:27.300 of what communities are, what genders are, 2625 01:01:27.400 --> 01:01:29.360 and what Labour's social base might be. 2626 01:01:29.680 --> 01:01:30.960 So you're absolutely right. 2627 01:01:31.040 --> 01:01:34.500 Something has really shaken and frightened the right 2628 01:01:34.500 --> 01:01:37.760 within social democracy, certainly in Britain, 2629 01:01:37.840 --> 01:01:41.940 in a way that it didn't do in the rest of Europe, actually. 2630 01:01:42.120 --> 01:01:45.700 And I think that may be to do with the different, if you like, 2631 01:01:45.740 --> 01:01:48.600 social origins of social democracy in Scandinavia 2632 01:01:49.160 --> 01:01:50.280 and in the rest of Europe. 2633 01:01:50.300 --> 01:01:55.020 Where it's less to do with, it's less, if you like, 2634 01:01:55.120 --> 01:02:01.580 the expression of organized, masculine, working class men. 2635 01:02:02.400 --> 01:02:04.680 Remember, the British Labour Party was created 2636 01:02:05.240 --> 01:02:07.240 to represent the trade union movement. 2637 01:02:07.420 --> 01:02:09.500 The trade union movement in Britain was nothing 2638 01:02:09.500 --> 01:02:11.180 if it was not a men's movement. 2639 01:02:13.380 --> 01:02:16.800 We've spent the last hour in the echoing interior 2640 01:02:17.560 --> 01:02:20.120 of the mock Gothic of Benetton Hall, 2641 01:02:20.120 --> 01:02:24.680 a strange amalgam of the academic and the ecclesiastic, 2642 01:02:25.440 --> 01:02:28.380 which seems totally inappropriate for you, Bea, I've got to say. 2643 01:02:29.480 --> 01:02:31.740 And it's been remarkably enjoyable. 2644 01:02:32.240 --> 01:02:33.280 Bea, you're brilliant. 2645 01:02:33.420 --> 01:02:34.700 Thank you for coming to Australia.