WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.760 --> 00:00:06.980 This session of the 2013 Adelaide Festival of Ideas was recorded by Radio Adelaide, 2 00:00:07.020 --> 00:00:10.480 through the support of the Bar Smith Library, University of Adelaide, 3 00:00:10.620 --> 00:00:14.480 the University of South Australia Library and Flinders University Library. 4 00:00:15.380 --> 00:00:16.980 Well, good morning to you all. 5 00:00:17.840 --> 00:00:21.160 Welcome to this beautiful venue, actually. 6 00:00:21.200 --> 00:00:26.280 It's great to see you all here, especially with the sun shining and plenty on in Adelaide. 7 00:00:26.280 --> 00:00:31.180 I'd like to first start with acknowledging that we're on the traditional lands of the Kaurna people, 8 00:00:31.400 --> 00:00:36.480 and I always encourage everyone to think about how they can actively make a contribution 9 00:00:36.480 --> 00:00:39.940 to respecting their cultural and spiritual connection to the land. 10 00:00:40.160 --> 00:00:44.800 Adelaide City Council's got the oldest reconciliation committee of any council in the entire nation, 11 00:00:44.920 --> 00:00:48.060 something I'm proud of indeed, and I think we should all be proud of. 12 00:00:48.360 --> 00:00:51.340 Hi, I'm Stephen Yarwood, Lord Mayor of the City of Adelaide, 13 00:00:51.420 --> 00:00:53.840 and I'm here to welcome Charles Landry. 14 00:00:53.900 --> 00:00:56.140 Now, I admit I don't have Charles's. 15 00:00:56.280 --> 00:01:02.220 I don't have a CV, but I reckon most of you would know a fair bit about Charles's contribution to Adelaide. 16 00:01:02.400 --> 00:01:07.880 Certainly, I first met him when he was doing the Thinkers in Residence program, 17 00:01:08.200 --> 00:01:11.000 the City of Adelaide and the City of Playford. 18 00:01:11.180 --> 00:01:17.280 And Tim Jackson, CEO of the City of Playford, is here, co-sponsored Charles. 19 00:01:17.520 --> 00:01:22.960 And so, as the principal planner at the City of Playford, I had a chance to work with Charles, 20 00:01:23.060 --> 00:01:25.160 and certainly, in fact, I've got to say, 21 00:01:26.280 --> 00:01:29.540 I told you this one, Charles, but the first time I ever walked into the Queen Adelaide room 22 00:01:29.540 --> 00:01:33.820 in the Adelaide Town Hall was for a civic reception to say farewell for you. 23 00:01:34.260 --> 00:01:35.860 I'll always remember that moment. 24 00:01:36.020 --> 00:01:41.060 So, we're really trying to encourage more people to spend more time in the Town Hall 25 00:01:41.060 --> 00:01:43.900 and diversify who we're engaging with. 26 00:01:44.220 --> 00:01:47.280 And I guess that's the whole conversation we're here to have. 27 00:01:47.380 --> 00:01:48.660 It's all about cities. 28 00:01:48.860 --> 00:01:50.700 I'm really excited at the moment. 29 00:01:50.740 --> 00:01:54.440 There is no doubt that optimism is up in the City of Adelaide. 30 00:01:54.520 --> 00:01:56.120 There wouldn't be a single... 31 00:01:56.280 --> 00:01:59.420 There's no soul that would tap me on the shoulder and say nothing is happening. 32 00:01:59.860 --> 00:02:03.160 In fact, it's the single biggest year of infrastructure development 33 00:02:03.160 --> 00:02:07.460 in the 173-year history of the City of Adelaide. 34 00:02:07.720 --> 00:02:10.300 But the truth is, it's not all about the big projects. 35 00:02:10.380 --> 00:02:11.260 It's about culture. 36 00:02:11.420 --> 00:02:13.420 It's about what happens in the fine grain. 37 00:02:13.580 --> 00:02:17.840 It's about how council works with people, how people work with people, 38 00:02:17.900 --> 00:02:19.340 how businesses work with everyone, 39 00:02:19.500 --> 00:02:23.080 as well as the connectivities in between the magic, the spark, 40 00:02:23.320 --> 00:02:25.120 that actually creates that... 41 00:02:26.280 --> 00:02:28.480 that creates the creative, the entrepreneurial ecosystem, 42 00:02:29.040 --> 00:02:32.980 and really defines where Adelaide will go in the future. 43 00:02:33.140 --> 00:02:34.580 We're doing a lot of work in that space. 44 00:02:34.860 --> 00:02:36.280 Charles is here to help us, 45 00:02:36.400 --> 00:02:39.100 and I'm sure he'll have some excellent insights. 46 00:02:39.380 --> 00:02:41.900 So please join with me in welcoming Charles Landry. 47 00:02:49.760 --> 00:02:53.060 Well, it is a privilege to be here, and a pleasure, of course. 48 00:02:53.660 --> 00:02:54.620 It's very hot, 49 00:02:54.620 --> 00:02:56.320 but that's a different matter, 50 00:02:56.440 --> 00:02:58.420 because it's very cold where I've just come from. 51 00:02:59.180 --> 00:03:02.000 Anyway, I want to talk about something, civic urbanity, 52 00:03:02.100 --> 00:03:05.800 and that word civic is so old-fashioned, you know, 50s, isn't it? 53 00:03:05.940 --> 00:03:08.160 But anyway, I've put it there as a provocation, 54 00:03:08.280 --> 00:03:11.020 and I just want to explore this idea with you, 55 00:03:11.120 --> 00:03:13.820 and at the end, I'll just give you some preliminary conclusions 56 00:03:13.820 --> 00:03:17.580 of some work that you just talked about a minute ago. 57 00:03:18.200 --> 00:03:20.360 So if we just look at this a bit closer, 58 00:03:21.520 --> 00:03:23.820 I'm not going to talk about culture specifically, 59 00:03:24.620 --> 00:03:26.820 but I have to say, in terms of my own trajectory, 60 00:03:27.060 --> 00:03:29.140 you know, I studied economics, politics, history, 61 00:03:29.240 --> 00:03:30.260 all that dry stuff, 62 00:03:30.460 --> 00:03:32.700 but I sort of realized in the end 63 00:03:32.700 --> 00:03:34.760 that the thing that's really most important 64 00:03:34.760 --> 00:03:36.800 is a sort of cultural perspective on everything, 65 00:03:36.980 --> 00:03:39.220 because it sort of determines, you know, 66 00:03:39.220 --> 00:03:43.020 the fiber in every aspect of a city. 67 00:03:43.180 --> 00:03:47.000 So basically, that's my central starting point. 68 00:03:47.300 --> 00:03:49.980 But I do think that we do need to rethink 69 00:03:49.980 --> 00:03:53.180 about how we live in a city as a citizen, 70 00:03:53.320 --> 00:03:54.600 as an urbanite, if you will, 71 00:03:54.620 --> 00:03:57.180 and I'm not saying it's one minute before midnight, 72 00:03:57.420 --> 00:03:59.860 but I certainly do think there's some rethinking 73 00:03:59.860 --> 00:04:01.000 that needs to be done. 74 00:04:01.360 --> 00:04:02.760 And I've always been interested, 75 00:04:03.260 --> 00:04:05.400 and I'm just exploring this, so whatever I'm saying, 76 00:04:05.520 --> 00:04:07.360 please disagree with at the end and so on, 77 00:04:08.380 --> 00:04:12.140 is how you can sort of add value economically 78 00:04:12.140 --> 00:04:14.380 to things through the activities you do, 79 00:04:14.500 --> 00:04:17.240 but also add value simultaneously. 80 00:04:17.580 --> 00:04:19.480 So how you can do this funny thing 81 00:04:19.480 --> 00:04:21.380 that you're growing economically, perhaps, 82 00:04:21.580 --> 00:04:24.600 but also doing it in a way that has some sort of effect 83 00:04:24.620 --> 00:04:26.360 or some sort of ethical backdrop to it. 84 00:04:26.500 --> 00:04:29.180 So that's always been the challenge I've been thinking about. 85 00:04:29.460 --> 00:04:32.540 And so I've been standing back recently in the last year 86 00:04:32.540 --> 00:04:34.400 and thinking, what does this all mean? 87 00:04:34.540 --> 00:04:37.720 I've been in various cities, worked with various cities and so on, 88 00:04:37.740 --> 00:04:38.540 and written about them. 89 00:04:38.800 --> 00:04:42.680 And so this is my attempt to just feed some stuff back to you. 90 00:04:43.860 --> 00:04:47.480 Now, one of the things I've noticed, like many of you, 91 00:04:47.540 --> 00:04:50.020 we talk to lots of people about what do they love about cities, 92 00:04:50.260 --> 00:04:53.180 what's great, what are the words they use, and so on. 93 00:04:53.180 --> 00:04:56.480 And the sort of words they use you probably all know. 94 00:04:56.700 --> 00:04:58.360 They use words like this, 95 00:04:58.420 --> 00:05:02.420 I want a vital, energetic, well-designed, etc., etc. 96 00:05:02.700 --> 00:05:04.360 You can read the words yourself. 97 00:05:04.860 --> 00:05:08.540 But the interesting thing is that when you take those words 98 00:05:08.540 --> 00:05:11.860 that people say about the places they love living in 99 00:05:11.860 --> 00:05:15.560 and the reality of the way these places are developing, 100 00:05:15.860 --> 00:05:19.320 there's a major misalignment, and we know roughly why that is, 101 00:05:19.440 --> 00:05:23.160 because the sort of economic dynamics often push them 102 00:05:23.180 --> 00:05:24.320 and push things in different directions. 103 00:05:24.680 --> 00:05:27.240 And it's that challenge of how do we get that stuff, 104 00:05:27.440 --> 00:05:32.000 people loving their city, back into the way it actually develops. 105 00:05:32.480 --> 00:05:34.880 And I do think there are sort of timeless principles, 106 00:05:35.100 --> 00:05:39.480 if you sort of encapsulated them, what is a creative, liveable city? 107 00:05:39.780 --> 00:05:43.640 And I would say there are sort of five things that are cross-culturally true 108 00:05:44.180 --> 00:05:46.760 and also probably true through time. 109 00:05:47.060 --> 00:05:49.900 And the first is some sense of anchorage, 110 00:05:49.980 --> 00:05:52.780 somehow some sense that you know where you are, 111 00:05:52.780 --> 00:05:56.160 you know, another way of saying, of course, this is tradition, heritage, whatever. 112 00:05:56.480 --> 00:06:00.840 But anyway, some sort of sense of familiarity, home, anchorage. 113 00:06:00.960 --> 00:06:01.920 That's point one. 114 00:06:02.140 --> 00:06:08.440 The second point, I would say, is some sense of possibility, 115 00:06:08.540 --> 00:06:10.760 as it says here, this is Singapore National Library, 116 00:06:10.940 --> 00:06:13.940 some sense of I can do, there are choices, there are opportunities. 117 00:06:14.500 --> 00:06:19.340 There's a platform, a canvas for me to express myself in one way or another. 118 00:06:19.720 --> 00:06:22.300 The third element, I think, is this question, 119 00:06:22.780 --> 00:06:23.260 is there a definition of connection? 120 00:06:23.660 --> 00:06:26.100 Can we communicate across boundaries, borders? 121 00:06:26.360 --> 00:06:31.940 Is the place itself communicating across, you know, the country, the continents, and so on? 122 00:06:32.120 --> 00:06:35.060 So that's a third sort of element that I think is quite significant. 123 00:06:35.500 --> 00:06:38.820 The fourth is can I self-realise myself? 124 00:06:39.120 --> 00:06:43.300 Now, traditionally people think of that just in terms of university institutions 125 00:06:43.300 --> 00:06:45.320 sort of growing in that sense. 126 00:06:45.440 --> 00:06:47.460 But I mean it in a much broader sense, 127 00:06:47.600 --> 00:06:51.580 that I can self-improve, become a more interesting person, whatever, 128 00:06:51.580 --> 00:06:52.980 learn things and so on. 129 00:06:53.400 --> 00:06:57.000 And finally, I think great cities, creative, liveable cities, 130 00:06:57.180 --> 00:06:59.460 also have an element of inspiration. 131 00:06:59.980 --> 00:07:04.020 I'm not saying you do this, this is the cafe that won the Venice Biennale Prize 132 00:07:04.020 --> 00:07:04.980 a couple of years ago. 133 00:07:05.180 --> 00:07:09.620 But those are some core elements that seem to come across to me again and again. 134 00:07:09.960 --> 00:07:14.640 So if we then break that down and say, OK, what is that all in reality about? 135 00:07:15.100 --> 00:07:17.340 It really is not that easy to do. 136 00:07:17.540 --> 00:07:21.400 It's very easy to say these words, and it does require courage, 137 00:07:21.400 --> 00:07:24.380 which is, and I've obviously noticed that things have changed in Adelaide 138 00:07:24.380 --> 00:07:27.340 in the last few years, to do these things, 139 00:07:27.460 --> 00:07:30.840 because obviously there are people who find, you know, 140 00:07:30.880 --> 00:07:33.420 rethinking things a bit difficult, and so on. 141 00:07:34.320 --> 00:07:38.460 So when I then think to myself what matters, 142 00:07:38.680 --> 00:07:40.680 many of the things that really matter, 143 00:07:40.840 --> 00:07:44.600 the sort of baseline things, obviously you need transport to work and so on, 144 00:07:44.680 --> 00:07:47.240 it's often really addressing wicked problems. 145 00:07:47.540 --> 00:07:49.760 You probably all know what a wicked problem is. 146 00:07:49.800 --> 00:07:51.060 A wicked problem is one, 147 00:07:51.400 --> 00:07:54.300 that you can't deal with in a step-by-step approach. 148 00:07:54.660 --> 00:07:55.820 Oops, it's jumped on. 149 00:07:56.720 --> 00:07:59.560 You have to deal with it, you know, let's say in London, 150 00:08:00.080 --> 00:08:03.400 an area where there are lots of young people who are sort of very disenchanted, 151 00:08:03.980 --> 00:08:06.020 no jobs, but you don't know what to do, 152 00:08:06.060 --> 00:08:07.600 but you've got to do something about it. 153 00:08:07.840 --> 00:08:11.160 So what really matters is often those types of problems. 154 00:08:11.420 --> 00:08:15.680 And I think they need to be dealt with in a sort of co-creative way, 155 00:08:15.780 --> 00:08:18.920 which again I know the greater Adelaide is thinking about. 156 00:08:19.540 --> 00:08:21.380 So when I use the word urban development, 157 00:08:21.400 --> 00:08:25.960 urbanism, which is the key phrase for me for the minute, 158 00:08:26.120 --> 00:08:29.520 it's really that understanding of what is the dynamics of cities 159 00:08:29.520 --> 00:08:30.940 and how do they work. 160 00:08:31.280 --> 00:08:34.160 And the urbanite, and this is my thing about what matters, 161 00:08:34.340 --> 00:08:37.140 this civic urbanity, is the urbanite, 162 00:08:37.140 --> 00:08:41.220 the urbanite, urbanity, is the qualities of being an urbanite. 163 00:08:41.720 --> 00:08:44.340 Now I want to just go through that for a minute. 164 00:08:44.560 --> 00:08:50.020 I want, and I'm exploring how the urbanite of the future 165 00:08:50.020 --> 00:08:51.380 has a different set of qualities. 166 00:08:51.400 --> 00:08:52.220 I mean, I think urbanites have a different set of priorities 167 00:08:52.220 --> 00:08:54.700 than they may have had in the past. 168 00:08:55.100 --> 00:08:59.580 Now to some extent that urbanity thing was a European ideal. 169 00:08:59.820 --> 00:09:02.840 You know, the Italian city states were sort of, 170 00:09:02.860 --> 00:09:05.920 you know, had some sort of sense of right to the city, 171 00:09:06.080 --> 00:09:09.120 but also some sense also of responsibility for. 172 00:09:09.440 --> 00:09:12.300 And I think that link, which is a historic link, 173 00:09:12.440 --> 00:09:15.140 over time got a bit degraded. 174 00:09:15.540 --> 00:09:17.840 But you can see it in some of the best, 175 00:09:17.840 --> 00:09:20.940 I mean, obviously Italian cities are very different now, 176 00:09:20.980 --> 00:09:21.680 as you can well imagine. 177 00:09:21.780 --> 00:09:25.060 It's like spaghetti run wild if you want to do something, 178 00:09:25.140 --> 00:09:26.040 but that's a different matter. 179 00:09:26.320 --> 00:09:29.280 But historically that was one of the key drivers 180 00:09:29.840 --> 00:09:31.080 of what we considered to be, 181 00:09:31.840 --> 00:09:34.880 at least from a European perspective, a great city. 182 00:09:35.380 --> 00:09:37.800 And you can see it even in words. 183 00:09:37.880 --> 00:09:39.660 You know, in German there's a phrase which says 184 00:09:39.660 --> 00:09:40.080 , 185 00:09:40.880 --> 00:09:44.200 which is that same thing about that sense of the city 186 00:09:44.200 --> 00:09:45.960 giving you options, opportunities, 187 00:09:46.240 --> 00:09:47.820 being able to, you know, 188 00:09:47.840 --> 00:09:50.540 you being able to express yourself at your best. 189 00:09:50.840 --> 00:09:55.080 And at your best often means and meant then and now 190 00:09:55.080 --> 00:09:58.020 obviously different people from different backgrounds 191 00:09:58.020 --> 00:10:01.000 coming together because the city is essentially a place 192 00:10:01.000 --> 00:10:04.820 where people of difference come together in one way or another. 193 00:10:05.300 --> 00:10:09.580 But I think what's happened over time is the idea of urbanity, 194 00:10:09.680 --> 00:10:12.620 that sort of slightly high-minded stuff I've just been talking about, 195 00:10:12.800 --> 00:10:17.340 has become a bit degraded in the sense of the idea of the flaneur. 196 00:10:17.340 --> 00:10:18.920 I'm just watching the world go by. 197 00:10:19.220 --> 00:10:21.780 The world is providing a spectacle for me. 198 00:10:22.400 --> 00:10:24.280 I'm here. I'm just watching things. 199 00:10:24.400 --> 00:10:25.800 I like doing this myself, by the way. 200 00:10:25.880 --> 00:10:28.200 Just don't think I don't. 201 00:10:28.800 --> 00:10:32.400 But the point I'm trying to get at is the me and the we. 202 00:10:32.560 --> 00:10:34.800 How do we bring the me and the we, the public good 203 00:10:34.800 --> 00:10:39.560 and my selfish interests together in some sort of new combination? 204 00:10:40.080 --> 00:10:43.440 And if you think of the sort of 19th century and so on, 205 00:10:43.520 --> 00:10:47.180 there was elements of that which again were pretty good. 206 00:10:47.180 --> 00:10:50.940 But if you now move on today, I feel, 207 00:10:50.980 --> 00:10:54.160 certainly if you look at places like Dubai, which is this, 208 00:10:54.220 --> 00:10:56.000 or Doha, which we just talked about, 209 00:10:56.980 --> 00:10:59.240 it's basically about a shopping experience, 210 00:10:59.400 --> 00:11:00.400 consumption-led. 211 00:11:00.580 --> 00:11:04.140 It's often, I suppose, a culture of entitlement. 212 00:11:04.220 --> 00:11:07.200 And certainly in Britain, people are concerned that everything's about, 213 00:11:07.320 --> 00:11:08.380 oh, you owe me a living. 214 00:11:08.500 --> 00:11:11.780 The city owes me a living, but I'm not giving anything back. 215 00:11:12.340 --> 00:11:16.340 And so I'm really interested in how we combine that giving back 216 00:11:16.340 --> 00:11:21.620 with the fact of obviously trying to do things one wants to do as an individual. 217 00:11:22.100 --> 00:11:26.140 Now, we all know about the dramatic transformations that have happened in the world. 218 00:11:26.300 --> 00:11:30.040 We know, of course, you know, that the world is a smaller place, 219 00:11:30.320 --> 00:11:33.020 that lots of things are happening at the same time, 220 00:11:33.120 --> 00:11:34.500 that economies are globalizing. 221 00:11:34.540 --> 00:11:39.700 All of that you know, so we don't need to detain ourselves at all with that. 222 00:11:39.960 --> 00:11:43.300 But let's look at these lenses of civic urbanity. 223 00:11:43.520 --> 00:11:46.020 And again, I apologize for that old-fashioned 224 00:11:46.340 --> 00:11:48.740 civic word, but it's an okay word, I think, still. 225 00:11:50.260 --> 00:11:53.840 And let's just explore what these elements might be. 226 00:11:55.120 --> 00:12:00.360 The first is that notion of the shared commons and threats to it. 227 00:12:00.520 --> 00:12:04.440 I think we all know that that is threatened in all sorts of ways, 228 00:12:04.580 --> 00:12:07.180 privatizations of things and stuff like that. 229 00:12:07.500 --> 00:12:11.180 You know, I so often go into shopping centers and try to take a photo 230 00:12:11.180 --> 00:12:15.200 and someone comes up and says, that's forbidden, and so on. 231 00:12:15.200 --> 00:12:20.560 And that's really about, clearly, the shared commons in terms of physical space, 232 00:12:20.900 --> 00:12:22.980 but also in terms of the Internet. 233 00:12:23.120 --> 00:12:27.040 We had that debate yesterday, which also is about that same thing, 234 00:12:27.160 --> 00:12:30.040 creative commons, licenses, and so on. 235 00:12:30.300 --> 00:12:31.320 And it was quite interesting. 236 00:12:31.480 --> 00:12:36.180 I was in Istanbul a couple of weeks ago, and you know Gezi Park, 237 00:12:36.280 --> 00:12:39.460 you know, nearly destabilized the whole of Turkey. 238 00:12:39.740 --> 00:12:44.080 And what that was essentially about and sparked off by is that they, 239 00:12:44.080 --> 00:12:49.300 in the last remaining public space, green space in the center of the city, 240 00:12:49.540 --> 00:12:51.940 they wanted to put another shopping center on top of it. 241 00:12:52.140 --> 00:12:58.020 And that was the thing that led to really dramatic, well, I'm not saying revolutions, 242 00:12:58.120 --> 00:12:59.760 but a dramatic effect. 243 00:13:00.280 --> 00:13:03.960 And so that's just one element of that shared commons, 244 00:13:03.960 --> 00:13:08.660 the fact that you can just wander around and not have to pay for anything as you move along. 245 00:13:09.020 --> 00:13:13.600 And in a sense, arriving in Adelaide, talk about differences, this is a bloody difference. 246 00:13:14.080 --> 00:13:17.520 But coming here, and I read the word entrance yesterday, 247 00:13:18.060 --> 00:13:20.700 and then when I was reading it, the person said, 248 00:13:20.900 --> 00:13:22.900 just say it differently, entrance. 249 00:13:24.340 --> 00:13:25.240 The entrance. 250 00:13:25.460 --> 00:13:26.720 So the entrance. 251 00:13:27.420 --> 00:13:30.020 Now I think that does entrance, 252 00:13:30.180 --> 00:13:34.820 and I can assure you I've showed this image and various ones like that in lots of places, 253 00:13:34.900 --> 00:13:37.160 because I do think it's got lots of stuff in there, 254 00:13:37.260 --> 00:13:40.200 which I don't need to sort of spell out to you. 255 00:13:40.460 --> 00:13:44.060 But that's one element of this shared commons. 256 00:13:44.080 --> 00:13:44.280 So this is a shared space. 257 00:13:44.500 --> 00:13:45.600 This happens to be Lisbon. 258 00:13:46.060 --> 00:13:48.140 But anyway, you get the idea of that, 259 00:13:48.220 --> 00:13:50.920 the fact that there is some sort of commonality there, 260 00:13:51.020 --> 00:13:53.580 where we bump into each other as strangers, 261 00:13:53.640 --> 00:13:56.600 but also as people who might know each other. 262 00:13:56.820 --> 00:13:58.640 So that's pretty clear. 263 00:13:58.720 --> 00:14:02.400 That has to be one of the key anchor points of this new urbanity, 264 00:14:02.500 --> 00:14:04.940 that the urbanite wishes to have that. 265 00:14:05.140 --> 00:14:07.800 And I know the greater Adelaide is on about that. 266 00:14:07.980 --> 00:14:11.620 But it's also about, you know, obviously libraries, free Wi-Fi, 267 00:14:11.640 --> 00:14:13.700 being able to walk around a city 268 00:14:14.080 --> 00:14:17.720 in a way that you're seamlessly connected in one way or another. 269 00:14:18.000 --> 00:14:22.320 And obviously libraries are one instance of that. 270 00:14:22.780 --> 00:14:25.580 The second one is this other invisible hand. 271 00:14:25.920 --> 00:14:29.160 We always talk about the invisible hand of the market. 272 00:14:29.440 --> 00:14:31.560 But it's the other invisible hand of culture. 273 00:14:31.920 --> 00:14:34.580 And it's that sense of having cultural literacy, 274 00:14:34.960 --> 00:14:38.840 being able to see, in a sense, through the eyes of the other, 275 00:14:39.000 --> 00:14:40.760 that really makes great cities. 276 00:14:40.880 --> 00:14:43.440 And historically great cities have always been that. 277 00:14:43.440 --> 00:14:44.560 They've had these qualities. 278 00:14:45.060 --> 00:14:49.180 But of course culture isn't really the default position that people have. 279 00:14:49.280 --> 00:14:52.240 This is something from Tel Aviv I saw. 280 00:14:54.280 --> 00:14:55.460 Because everybody says, 281 00:14:55.580 --> 00:14:57.960 Oh, what is it? It's a bit slippery. It's a slippery beast. 282 00:14:58.200 --> 00:15:00.060 But when you look behind it, 283 00:15:00.120 --> 00:15:03.800 you can see that it's really the operating system, if you want, 284 00:15:03.980 --> 00:15:05.880 of a city. It can be positive. 285 00:15:05.980 --> 00:15:10.020 And of course it can be negative, depending on what that culture is. 286 00:15:10.360 --> 00:15:11.960 So that's that second element, 287 00:15:11.960 --> 00:15:14.820 which really is about having curiosity, 288 00:15:15.160 --> 00:15:16.540 wanting to be curious, 289 00:15:18.280 --> 00:15:20.020 and fostering that curiosity. 290 00:15:20.620 --> 00:15:21.940 And often, like here, 291 00:15:22.040 --> 00:15:25.720 this Catholic woman is reading the Koran 292 00:15:25.720 --> 00:15:27.440 and the imam is reading the Bible. 293 00:15:27.600 --> 00:15:30.280 This is in an area where there's great social tension in Belgium. 294 00:15:30.540 --> 00:15:32.920 It's that sort of issue, you know, 295 00:15:32.940 --> 00:15:34.720 where how do you, in a city, 296 00:15:35.400 --> 00:15:38.960 work things out when people might have fundamentally different views 297 00:15:38.960 --> 00:15:41.320 of where they are. 298 00:15:41.320 --> 00:15:44.920 So that, I would say, is a second major element. 299 00:15:45.660 --> 00:15:48.340 Obviously, we know that diversity enriches. 300 00:15:48.340 --> 00:15:50.060 Often people have energy and all of that. 301 00:15:50.140 --> 00:15:52.860 But we also know there can be problems in that. 302 00:15:53.100 --> 00:15:56.120 But it is about this dialogue across cultures 303 00:15:56.120 --> 00:15:58.040 that is incredibly significant. 304 00:15:58.800 --> 00:16:01.160 The third element is clearly the thing, 305 00:16:01.260 --> 00:16:02.640 and we discussed this yesterday with 306 00:16:02.640 --> 00:16:04.120 I can hardly say it, 307 00:16:04.140 --> 00:16:06.660 the Swedish guy, 308 00:16:07.620 --> 00:16:11.300 which is about the fact that when you look at wealthy countries, 309 00:16:11.320 --> 00:16:13.340 those that are really wealthy 310 00:16:13.340 --> 00:16:17.260 and have lots of, are very good on both the UN human development indicators 311 00:16:17.260 --> 00:16:19.940 and the wealth indicators and the innovation indicators, 312 00:16:20.380 --> 00:16:23.160 they've usually found ways of reducing inequality 313 00:16:24.180 --> 00:16:26.600 and increasing inclusiveness. 314 00:16:26.720 --> 00:16:29.360 Because, of course, that's about developing trust 315 00:16:29.360 --> 00:16:32.740 and all of these things that are incredibly essential. 316 00:16:33.080 --> 00:16:36.000 So bringing different people from different backgrounds, 317 00:16:36.300 --> 00:16:39.100 and here the contrast with Dubai is incredible. 318 00:16:39.300 --> 00:16:41.240 You know, Dubai, everybody who's rich is there. 319 00:16:41.320 --> 00:16:43.160 Everybody who's doing the work is over there 320 00:16:43.160 --> 00:16:45.700 in some sort of shed in an industrial estate. 321 00:16:46.580 --> 00:16:48.260 That actually won't work 322 00:16:48.260 --> 00:16:51.980 if you want to actually generate the potential of a city 323 00:16:51.980 --> 00:16:54.140 and harness the collective imagination 324 00:16:54.140 --> 00:16:56.600 and intelligence of a city. 325 00:16:56.740 --> 00:16:58.300 So that has to be a key element. 326 00:16:58.660 --> 00:17:01.860 Many people keep on saying, of course, that costs money. 327 00:17:02.080 --> 00:17:02.940 Well, does it? 328 00:17:02.960 --> 00:17:04.840 If you look at the countries that are doing well, 329 00:17:06.080 --> 00:17:07.880 it's worth it in the long run. 330 00:17:08.320 --> 00:17:10.680 I saw this graffiti in Belgium the other day, 331 00:17:10.680 --> 00:17:12.100 capitalism is chaos. 332 00:17:12.380 --> 00:17:14.600 There was one next to it which said, anarchy is order. 333 00:17:14.820 --> 00:17:15.800 I didn't want to show you that one, 334 00:17:15.920 --> 00:17:18.160 but nevertheless, you get the idea. 335 00:17:18.400 --> 00:17:21.900 What I'm really saying is graffiti are often quite helpful 336 00:17:21.900 --> 00:17:23.720 in telling us what's going on. 337 00:17:24.080 --> 00:17:27.320 The third, and I'm really quite interested or concerned 338 00:17:27.320 --> 00:17:28.560 in the Australian context, 339 00:17:28.840 --> 00:17:32.280 again, those places that are very wealthy, 340 00:17:32.520 --> 00:17:34.100 the Copenhagen's, the Stockholms, 341 00:17:34.120 --> 00:17:36.720 all these places that are cold and all of that, the Helsinki's, 342 00:17:36.800 --> 00:17:39.840 they are also the places that have an incredibly... 343 00:17:39.840 --> 00:17:42.980 Germany, of course, high eco-consciousness. 344 00:17:43.140 --> 00:17:46.240 They are using the whole eco-argument 345 00:17:46.240 --> 00:17:50.140 to reinvent and rethink the fourth green, clean, 346 00:17:50.180 --> 00:17:52.060 lean industrial revolution. 347 00:17:52.500 --> 00:17:55.320 And that, of course, is a key element 348 00:17:55.320 --> 00:17:58.520 because you can see now increasingly in polluted cities 349 00:17:58.520 --> 00:18:01.600 the people who, let's say Beijing, 350 00:18:01.720 --> 00:18:04.700 many people are leaving Beijing because of the pollution 351 00:18:04.700 --> 00:18:09.200 even though Beijing needs them and wants to attract them. 352 00:18:09.200 --> 00:18:11.760 So that's really important. 353 00:18:11.980 --> 00:18:15.160 This happens to be Freiburg, which is the green city of Europe, 354 00:18:15.320 --> 00:18:18.880 which has 800 passive buildings just in passing. 355 00:18:19.060 --> 00:18:20.580 I don't know how many there are in Adelaide, 356 00:18:20.640 --> 00:18:22.460 but this is a very small place, 357 00:18:23.520 --> 00:18:26.900 who are focused completely on carbon neutrality. 358 00:18:27.120 --> 00:18:29.260 And again, an incredibly rich place, 359 00:18:29.420 --> 00:18:33.000 have a solar institute with 950 people in it, 360 00:18:33.020 --> 00:18:36.360 of which 490 or something are high-level professionals. 361 00:18:36.360 --> 00:18:40.000 So these things turn into virtuous cycles. 362 00:18:40.360 --> 00:18:43.760 And when you go round the city, you can see some elements, 363 00:18:43.980 --> 00:18:45.520 this you might call greenwash, 364 00:18:45.620 --> 00:18:48.520 but nevertheless, there's substance behind it. 365 00:18:48.620 --> 00:18:51.820 And the way they're presenting the city and messaging it 366 00:18:51.820 --> 00:18:55.060 shows you through its appearance that it is green. 367 00:18:55.260 --> 00:18:59.140 Or here, Malmo Western Harbour, which is again carbon neutral, 368 00:18:59.480 --> 00:19:02.800 has your icon, Calatrava's turning torso, 369 00:19:02.860 --> 00:19:06.120 but also that other building is mixed residences, 370 00:19:06.120 --> 00:19:08.780 rich, middle income, poor, and so on. 371 00:19:09.100 --> 00:19:10.500 But they're living together. 372 00:19:10.800 --> 00:19:14.340 But the key thing is when you look closely at the environment, 373 00:19:14.520 --> 00:19:16.000 you can see how it works. 374 00:19:16.160 --> 00:19:17.600 It's not hectoring you, saying, 375 00:19:17.720 --> 00:19:20.080 be green, do this, do that. 376 00:19:20.260 --> 00:19:22.760 You can just see by the way it's put together, 377 00:19:22.840 --> 00:19:26.700 in very subliminal ways, what the place is like. 378 00:19:27.160 --> 00:19:29.120 And other places are doing that. 379 00:19:29.260 --> 00:19:32.860 I mean, this is Chicago's, the roof of the council building, 380 00:19:32.960 --> 00:19:36.040 which has council honey, you know, things like that. 381 00:19:36.040 --> 00:19:37.700 Quite a nice idea. You could give that out. 382 00:19:37.840 --> 00:19:40.420 Here's some council honey from the roof, on the green roof. 383 00:19:41.120 --> 00:19:42.120 You get the drift. 384 00:19:42.540 --> 00:19:44.780 But one of the key points I'm trying to say 385 00:19:44.780 --> 00:19:47.940 is the aesthetics of that is also quite important 386 00:19:47.940 --> 00:19:49.460 in driving that change. 387 00:19:49.740 --> 00:19:52.360 If you have a building that's green and you don't know it's green, 388 00:19:52.480 --> 00:19:53.420 then you don't know it's green. 389 00:19:53.720 --> 00:19:56.940 So somehow, the aesthetics is also important. 390 00:19:57.700 --> 00:20:01.040 The fourth element we could call healthy urban planning. 391 00:20:01.160 --> 00:20:03.680 And that word, healthy, is really interesting 392 00:20:03.680 --> 00:20:05.280 because it looks at planning, 393 00:20:06.040 --> 00:20:07.920 and this is obviously about cycling, walkability, 394 00:20:08.180 --> 00:20:09.080 all of those things, 395 00:20:09.300 --> 00:20:12.200 by saying, does the urban planning we do, 396 00:20:12.480 --> 00:20:13.720 it always asks that question first, 397 00:20:13.940 --> 00:20:15.040 is it making me healthy? 398 00:20:15.920 --> 00:20:17.820 Mentally healthy, for example. 399 00:20:17.820 --> 00:20:19.920 Is the place aesthetically attractive enough? 400 00:20:19.960 --> 00:20:22.740 Or is it so ugly that the ping-pricks of ugliness 401 00:20:22.740 --> 00:20:24.740